Solid-Liquid Thermal Energy Storage: Modeling and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Solid–Liquid Thermal Energy Storage Systems
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Classification of Thermal Energy Storage
	1.3 Difficulties Associated with Solid–Liquid Thermal Storage
		1.3.1 Challenges with PCM
		1.3.2 System Design Challenges
	1.4 Solid–Liquid Thermal Energy Storage Applications
	1.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 2 Solid–Liquid Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage: Opportunities and Challenges
	2.1 Introduction: Background and Motivation
	2.2 Working Principle
	2.3 Phase Change Materials and Classifications
	2.4 Challenges
		2.4.1 Segregation of Salt Hydrates
		2.4.2 Supercooling
		2.4.3 Measurement of Thermophysical Properties
		2.4.4 Long-Term Stability and Material Compatibility Determination
		2.4.5 Polymorphism
		2.4.6 Determination of Crystallization Kinetics and Kinetic Modeling
		2.4.7 Thermal Conductivity Enhancement
		2.4.8 Identification of Novel PCM
	2.5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Chapter 3 Experimental Techniques and Challenges in Evaluating the Performance of PCMs
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Fundamental Studies
	3.3 Applied Studies
		3.3.1 Solar Applications
		3.3.2 Building Applications: Active Systems
		3.3.3 Building Applications: Passive Systems
		3.3.4 Thermal Management of Electrical Batteries
		3.3.5 Thermal Management of Electronic Devices
	References
Chapter 4 Design Criteria for Advanced Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Geometric Impact on Melting
		4.2.1 Rectangular Enclosures
			4.2.1.1 Top Heating
			4.2.1.2 Lateral Heating
			4.2.1.3 Basal Heating
			4.2.1.4 Inclined Enclosure
			4.2.1.5 Start Up
		4.2.2 Tubular, Cylindrical and Spherical Enclosures
	4.3 Melting with Fin Inserts
		4.3.1 “Short” Lumped Fins
		4.3.2 “Long” Semi-Infinite Fins
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Multi-Scale Modeling in Solid–Liquid Phase Change Conjugate Heat Transfer for Thermal Energy Storage Applications
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Multi-Scale Numerical Methods and Coupling Schemes
		5.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
			5.2.1.1 Common Used Force Field
		5.2.2 Lattice Boltzmann Method
			5.2.2.1 Governing Equations for Solid–Liquid Phase Change Conjugate Heat Transfer
			5.2.2.2 MRT Enthalpy-Based LBM in 2D Cartesian Coordinate
			5.2.2.3 MRT Enthalpy-Based LBM in 3D Cartesian Coordinate
			5.2.2.4 Numerical Reconstruction of Porous Media
			5.2.2.5 Graphic Processor Units (GPUs) Computing
		5.2.3 Finite Volume Method
		5.2.4 LBM-FVM Coupling Schemes
	5.3 Applications of Multi-Scale Modeling to Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage
		5.3.1 Thermophysical Properties of PCMs
			5.3.1.1 Specific Heat Capacity and Melting Enthalpy
		5.3.2 Pore-Scale Modeling of LHS System
		5.3.3 Representative Elementary Volume Scale Modeling of LHS System
	5.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6 Latent Heat of Fusion and Applications of Silicon-Metal Alloys
	Introduction
	6.2 Application of Silicon and Silicon-Metal Alloys
	6.3 Experimental Work
		6.3.1 Materials and Sample Preparation
		6.3.2 Measurement Methods
		6.3.3 Results
			6.3.3.1 Silicon
			6.3.3.2 Silicon Boron
			6.3.3.3 Silicon-Titanium
			6.3.3.4 Silicon-Chromium
			6.3.3.5 Silicon Iron
			6.3.3.6 Silicon Cobalt
			6.3.3.7 Silicon-Nickel
			6.3.3.8 Silicon-Copper
	6.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 7 Heat Transfer Augmentation of Latent Heat Thermal Storage Systems Employing Extended Surfaces and Heat Pipes
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Extended Surfaces
		7.2.1 Cylindrical Finned LHTS Containers
		7.2.2 Rectangular Finned LHTS Containers
		7.2.3 Spherical Finned LHTS Containers
	7.3 Effect of Container Orientation
	7.4 Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Heat Pipes
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Fin-Metal Foam Hybrid Structure for Enhancing Solid–Liquid Phase Change
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Thermal Utilization
		8.1.2 Shell-and-Tube Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System
		8.1.3 Fin-Type Shell-and-Tube Thermal Energy Storage Tube
		8.1.4 Metal Foam Type Shell-and-Tube Thermal Energy Storage Tube
		8.1.5 Fin-Metal Foam Hybrid Structure
		8.1.6 Chapter Content
	8.2 Experimental Measurement
		8.2.1 Thermal Energy Storage Tubes
		8.2.2 Test Setup
	8.3 Complete Melting and Solidification Time
	8.4 Solid–Liquid Phase Interface
	8.5 Temperature Response
	8.6 Uniformity of Temperature Field
	8.7 Energy Storage Density
	8.8 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 9 Micro- and Nano-Encapsulated PCM Fluids
	9.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
	9.2 Encapsulated PCMs
		9.2.1 Encapsulation’s Benefits and Drawbacks
	9.3 Encapsulated PCM Fluids
		9.3.1 Concept of Phase Change Slurries
	9.4 Encapsulated PCM Slurry (EPCMS) Primary Characteristics
		9.4.1 Subcooling, Solidification, and Hysteresis
		9.4.2 Stability and Durability
		9.4.3 Density
		9.4.4 Specific Heat Capacity
		9.4.5 Thermal Conductivity
		9.4.6 Hydrodynamic Characteristics
			9.4.6.1 Viscosity
			9.4.6.2 Pressure Drop and Pumping Power
	9.5 Applications of EPCMS
		9.5.1 Pipe Flow
		9.5.2 Channel Flow
		9.5.3 Heat Exchangers
		9.5.4 Heat Pipes
		9.5.5 Air Conditioning
		9.5.6 Combining Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic (PV/T) Collectors
		9.5.7 Solar Collectors
	9.6 Future Directions
	References
Chapter 10 Structural Classification of PCM Heat Exchangers
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Definition of a PCM Heat Exchanger
	10.3 Reported Reviews on PCM Heat Exchangers
	10.4 Structural Classification of PCM Heat Exchanger
		10.4.1 Working Fluid-Embedded PCM Heat Exchangers
			10.4.1.1 Shell and Tube PCM Heat Exchanger
			10.4.1.2 Double-Plate Heat Exchanger
		10.4.2 PCM-Embedded-Type PCM Heat Exchanger
			10.4.2.1 Shell and Tube Type PCM Heat Exchangers
			10.4.2.2 Cross Flow
			10.4.2.3 Capsule PCM Packed Bed
			10.4.2.4 Triplex
			10.4.2.5 Multi-Domains
	10.5 Result and Discussion
		10.5.1 Names of PCM Heat Exchangers
		10.5.2 Comparison of the Heat Exchangers
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
	10.A Appendix
Chapter 11 Cool Thermal Energy Storage: Water and Ice to Alternative Phase Change Materials
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Types of Ice-Based Thermal Energy Storage Systems
		11.2.1 Static Systems
		11.2.2 Dynamic Systems
		11.2.3 Static Versus Dynamic Systems
	11.3 Phase Change Materials
	11.4 PCM-Based Thermal Energy Storage Systems
		11.4.1 Commercial-Scale PCM TES Systems
	11.5 Future Outlook of Implementation of PCM TES Systems
	References
Chapter 12 Evolution of Melt Path in a Horizontal Shell and Tube Latent Heat Storage System for Concentrated Solar Power Plants
	12.1 Introduction: Background
	12.2 PCM System
	12.3 Numerical Modelling
		12.3.1 Geometry and Grid
		12.3.2 Thermo-hydraulic Modelling
		12.3.3 Thermomechanical Modelling
	12.4 Results and Discussion
		12.4.1 Thermo-hydraulic Analysis
		12.4.2 Thermomechanical Analysis
		12.4.3 Thermoelastic Analysis
	12.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 13 Sensible and Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Parallel Channels
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Thermal Energy Storage System Classification
	13.3 Literature Review
	13.4 Geometry Configurations and Mathematical Modeling
	13.5 Numerical Procedure
	13.6 Results
		13.6.1 Sensible Heat Thermal Energy Storage System (SHTES)
		13.6.2 Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System (LHTES)
	References
Chapter 14 Recent Progress of Phase Change Materials and a Novel Application to Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
		14.2.1 PCM Heat Transfer Enhancement Methods
		14.2.2 Application of PCMs to BTMS
	14.3 A Novel Application of PCM to TMS of Cylindrical Battery Module
		14.3.1 Materials Preparation and Characterization
		14.3.2 Experimental
		14.3.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
			14.3.3.1 The Electrical-Thermal Performance of BM-0
			14.3.3.2 Effects of the PCM Tube and/or Heat Pipe
			14.3.3.3 Effects of the Ambient Temperature
			14.3.3.4 Effects of the Discharge C-Rate
	14.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 15 Phase Change Material-Based Thermal Energy Storage for Cold Chain Applications – From Materials to Systems
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 PCM-Based Cold Energy Storage Materials
		15.2.1 Desirable Properties and Classification of PCMs for Cold Energy Storage
		15.2.2 Performance Enhancement of PCMs
	15.3 PCM-Based Cold Energy Storage Devices
		15.3.1 Modelling of PCM-Based Cold Energy Storage Devices
		15.3.2 Experimental Studies of PCM-Based Cold Energy Storage Devices
	15.4 Applications of the PCM-Based Cold Energy Storage Devices through Integration
		15.4.1 PCM-Based Cold Storage for Warehouse Applications
		15.4.2 PCM-Based Cold Energy Storage for Cold Chain Transportation Applications
		15.4.3 PCM-Based Cold Energy Storage Technology for Vaccine Storage and Transport
		15.4.4 PCM-Based Cold Energy Storage for Ice Core Storage and Transport
	15.5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
Index