Solid-Liquid Separation, Fourth Edition

Contents......Page 5
Preface to the fourth edition......Page 11
Preface to the first edition......Page 13
1 Introduction to solid-liquid separation......Page 15
1.1 Pretreatment of suspensions......Page 18
1.2 Equipment and principles......Page 24
1.3 The spectrum of particle size......Page 40
2.1 Introduction, the reasons for particle characterization......Page 44
A2.2 Can the arithmetic mean of the surface distribution be determined from the mass distribution?......Page 77
A2.1 The choice of a mean particle size......Page 72
2.9 Statistical measurement control......Page 71
2.8 On-line measurement techniques......Page 70
2.7 Laboratory measurement of particle size......Page 65
2.6 Sampling......Page 63
2.5 Presentation of data......Page 55
2.4 Measures of central tendency......Page 51
2.3 Types of particle size distribution......Page 47
2.2 Definitions of particle size......Page 46
3.1 Introduction......Page 80
3.2 Basic definitions and mass balance equations......Page 81
3.3 Basic relationships between Er, G(x) and the particle size distributions of the products......Page 88
3.4 Modifications of efficiency definitions for applications with an appreciable underflow-to-throughput ratio......Page 103
3.5 A new method of testing separators......Page 107
Nomenclature......Page 115
4.1 Introduction......Page 118
4.6 Other considerations......Page 139
4.5 Flocculation by polyelectrolytes......Page 135
4.4 Practical applications of the zeta potential......Page 130
4.3 Electrokinetic phenomena and the zeta potential......Page 127
4.2 The colloidal model......Page 121
4 Coagulation and flocculation Part II - Orthokinetic flocculation......Page 144
4.8 Theory......Page 145
4.9 Laboratory testing......Page 152
4.10 Practical flocculators......Page 160
4.11 Current developments......Page 177
5 Gravity clarification and thickening......Page 180
5.1 Clarifiers......Page 181
5.2 Thickeners......Page 192
6 Hydrocyclones......Page 205
6.1 Introduction and description......Page 206
6.2 Liquid flow patterns......Page 207
6.3 Motion of suspended particles......Page 210
6.4 Pressure distribution within the flow, static pressure drop......Page 212
6.5 Hydrocyclone function, design and merits......Page 213
6.6 Theories of separation......Page 218
6.7 Hydrocyclone selection and scale-up......Page 234
6.8 Design variations, other design features......Page 245
6.9 Applications......Page 251
6.10 Conclusions......Page 256
7.1 Introduction......Page 260
7.2 Theoretical performance predictions......Page 261
7.3 Equipment......Page 270
7.4 Factors affecting the choice of centrifugal equipment......Page 283
7.5 Recent developments......Page 286
8.1 Introduction......Page 295
8.2 Filter media - general......Page 297
8.3 Cartridge filters......Page 298
8.4 Rigid porous media......Page 300
8.5 Non-woven media......Page 301
8.6 Woven wire......Page 303
8.7 Woven fabrics......Page 306
8.8 Material selection......Page 310
8.9 Filter rating......Page 312
8.10 Summary......Page 313
9 Filtration fundamentals......Page 316
9.1 Introduction......Page 317
9.2 Flow rate-pressure drop relationships......Page 319
9.3 Filtration operations - basic equations, incompressible cakes......Page 323
9.4 Filtration operations - basic equations, compressible cakes......Page 334
9.5 Relationship between specific cake resistence, porosity and specific surface......Page 337
9.6 Cake moisture correction - mass balance......Page 338
9.7 Further development of filtration theory......Page 339
9.8 The benefits of pre-thickening......Page 341
9.9 Filtration of non-Newtonian liquids......Page 344
10.1 Introduction, methods of washing solids......Page 349
10.2 Principle of cake washing, the washing curve......Page 350
10.4 How much wash liquid is needed?......Page 355
10.5 Can the washing curve be predicted?......Page 356
10.6 An example of a cake washing calculation......Page 357
10.7 Cake washing on continuous filters......Page 360
10.8 Practical considerations......Page 361
11.1 Introduction......Page 363
11.2 Removal of cake by mass forces......Page 364
11.4 Dislodging of cake by reverse flow......Page 365
11.5 Prevention of cake deposition by vibration......Page 366
11.6 Cross-flow filtration......Page 367
12.1 Introduction......Page 382
12.2 Batch pressure filtration......Page 383
12.3 Continuous pressure filtration......Page 407
13 Vacuum filtration......Page 423
13.1 Nutsche filter......Page 424
13.2 Enclosed agitated vacuum filters......Page 425
13.3 Vacuum leaf filter......Page 427
13.4 Tipping pan filter......Page 428
13.5 Horizontal rotating pan filters......Page 429
13.6 Horizontal belt vacuum filters......Page 430
13.7 Rotary vacuum drum filters......Page 432
13.8 Rotary vacuum disc filters......Page 437
13.9 Selection of continuous vacuum filters......Page 439
13.10 Improvement of filter performance by physical pretreatment of the slurry......Page 440
14 Centrifugal filtration......Page 446
14.1 Perforate basket centrifuge......Page 448
14.2 Peeler centrifuge......Page 450
14.3 Conical basket centrifuge......Page 451
14.4 Pusher centrifuge......Page 453
14.5 Scale-up and testing......Page 454
15.1 Introduction......Page 456
15.2 The pumping arrangements......Page 459
15.3 Advantages and capabilities of a counter current washing system......Page 461
15.4 Mass balance calculations for the solids......Page 462
15.5 Washing efficiency calculations......Page 470
15.6 Washing train design recommendations......Page 474
15.7 Applications, case studies......Page 478
15.8 Conclusions......Page 486
15.9 Appendix - Leaf testing for countercurrent washing of filter cakes......Page 487
16.1 Introduction......Page 490
16.2 Series connections on overflow......Page 492
16.3 Series connections on underflow......Page 501
16.4 Series connections on both outlets......Page 507
16.5 Mass balance calculations......Page 511
17.2 Sedimentation or filtration?......Page 526
17.3 Sedimentation equipment......Page 528
17.4 Filtration equipment......Page 531
17.5 A note from the editor......Page 538
18 Particle-fluid interation, thermodynamics of solid-liquid separation Part I - Particle-fluid interation......Page 540
18.2 Motion of particles in fluids......Page 541
18.3 Flow through packed beds......Page 548
18.4 Particles in non-Newtonian liquids......Page 551
18 Particle-fluid interaction, thermodynamics of solid-liquid separation Part II - Thermodynamics of solid-liquid separation......Page 555
18.6 Some notes on entropy......Page 556
18.7 Entropy index......Page 557
18.8 Criterion of separation......Page 559
18.10 Conclusions......Page 561
Index......Page 563