Solid (Bio)mechanics: Challenges of the Next Decade: A Book Dedicated to Professor Gerhard A. Holzapfel

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
*-16pt  Arterial Biomechanics in Health and Disease
Multiscale Experimental Characterization and Computational Modeling of the Human Aorta
	1 Introduction
	2 Passive Mechanical Behavior
		2.1 Experimental Findings
		2.2 Constitutive Modeling
	3 Active Mechanical Behavior
		3.1 Experimental Methods
		3.2 Mathematical Modeling and Related Computational Aspects
	4 Damage, Viscoelasticity and Failure
		4.1 Experimental Findings
		4.2 Mathematical Modeling and Related Computational Aspects
	5 Discussion
	References
Computational Modeling of Flow and Thrombus Formation in Type B Aortic Dissection: The Influence of False Lumen Perfused Side Branches
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Mathematical Model for Thrombus Formation  and Growth
		2.2 Model Geometry
		2.3 Boundary Conditions and Computational Details
	3 Results
		3.1 Flow Patterns
		3.2 Wall Shear Stress
		3.3 Pressure
		3.4 Thrombus Formation
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Structural and Mechanical Inhomogeneity in Arterial ECM: Implications for Physiology and Disease
	1 Introduction
	2 Multiscale ECM Inhomogeneity
		2.1 Interlamellar Transmural Variation in Elastic Fiber Orientation Distribution and the Anisotropic Tissue Mechanical Behavior
		2.2 Transmural Waviness Gradient in Elastic Lamellar Layers and Implications for Tissue Homeostasis
		2.3 Contribution of Structural Inhomogeneity to ECM Local Mechanical Properties
		2.4 Structural Inhomogeneity of Interlamellar ECM Fibers and Propagation of Aortic Dissection
	3 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
Cohesive Zone Model Analysis, Development, and Application in Mixed-Mode Arterial Dissection
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of CZMs in Mixed-Mode Dissection
		2.1 Development of Non-Potential Based Mixed-Mode CZMs with Exponential Damage and Overclosure Penalization (CZM1 and CZM2)
		2.2 Alternative Form of Damage and Softening (CZM2)
		2.3 Exploration of CZM1 and CZM2 Behavior
		2.4 Comparison of CZM1 and CZM2 with Abaqus Exponential Softening Formulation (CZM3)
		2.5 Construction of a Potential-Based CZM
	3 CZM Simulation of Mixed-Mode Aortic Dissection
		3.1 Examination of an Artery with an Intimal Tear
		3.2 Examination of a Dissected Artery with a Patent False Lumen
	4 Conclusion
	References
Bio-Chemo-Mechanical Role of Intraluminal Thrombus Deposition on Arterial Tissue Growth and Remodeling
	1 Introduction
	2 Arterial Growth and Remodeling
		2.1 G&R of Healthy Arteries
		2.2 Illustrative Example
		2.3 G&R of Diseased Arteries
	3 Intraluminal Thrombus Model
		3.1 Fibrin
		3.2 Cells and Platelets
		3.3 Plasmin, EDPs, and Neovascularization
		3.4 Fibrin Degradation Products and Voids
		3.5 Biochemical Interaction of ILT and the Aneurysmal Wall
		3.6 Model Predictions—Biochemical Influence of the ILT
		3.7 Model Predictions—Biomechanical Influence of the ILT
		3.8 Model Predictions—Influence of Rupture Risk Factors
		3.9 Model Predictions—Influence of Stabilization Factors
	4 Fluid-Solid-Growth Modeling
	5 Conclusions
	References
Mechanical Characterization and Modeling of Diabetic Aortas
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Diabetic Animal Model
		2.2 Specimen Preparation
		2.3 Mechanical Testing and Data Analysis
		2.4 Material Modeling
		2.5 Histological and Mass Fraction Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Biomechanics of the Main Artery  in the Lower Limb
	1 Peripheral Arterial Disease of the Femoropopliteal Artery
	2 Mechanical Deformations of the FPA During Limb Flexion
	3 Bench-Top and In Situ Evaluation of Commercial PAD Stents
	4 The FPA Intramural Structure and Its Changes with Age
	5 The FPA Elastic Properties and Their Evolution with Age
	6 Assessment of FPA Physiological Characteristics
	7 Inelastic FPA Characteristics
	8 Computational Models of FPA Deformations During Limb Flexion
	9 Future Directions
	References
Simulation of Arterial Walls: Growth, Fiber Reorientation, and Active Response
	1 Introduction
	2 Growth and Fiber Reorientation
		2.1 Generalized Framework for Anisotropic Growth
		2.2 Fiber Reorientation
		2.3 Illustrative Numerical Examples
	3 Smooth Muscle Contraction
		3.1 Extension of the Model for Cross-Bridge Phosphorylation
		3.2 Mechanical Model of Smooth Muscle Contraction
		3.3 Combined Effects of Growth, Fiber Reorientation, and Active Response
	4 Conclusion
	References
*-16pt  Biomechanics of Cardiac Tissues and Various Organs
Advances in Experimental  and Computational Biomechanics  of the Tricuspid Heart Valve
	1 Introduction
	2 Major Challenges and Questions
	3 The Tricuspid Valve Leaflets
		3.1 Mechanical Properties of the TV Leaflets
		3.2 Microstructural Quantification for the TV Leaflets
	4 The Tricuspid Valve Chordae Tendineae
		4.1 Mechanical Properties of the TV Chordae Tendineae
		4.2 Mesoscopic Evaluations of the TV Chordae
	5 Constitutive Modeling
		5.1 Constitutive Modeling of the TV Leaflets
		5.2 Constitutive Modeling of the TV Chordae Tendineae
	6 In Silico Modeling of the TVs
		6.1 Organ-Level Tricuspid Valve Simulations
		6.2 Efficacy for the Affine Fiber Kinematics Assumption
		6.3 Simulations of Biaxial Mechanical Testing Experiments
	7 Future Perspectives
		7.1 Cell-Mediated Growth and Remodeling (G&R)
		7.2 Constitutive Modeling of the TV Tissues
		7.3 Other Clinical Challenges
	References
A Bayesian Approach to Parameter Estimation in Cardiac Mechanics
	1 Introduction
	2 Models and Methods
		2.1 The Cardiac Mechanics Model
		2.2 Bayesian Inference in Passive Cardiac Mechanics
	3 Results
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Computational Finite Strain Orthotropic Viscoelasticity of Human Passive Myocardium
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Histological and Structural Features of Human Passive Myocardium
		1.2 Mechanical Features of Human Passive Myocardium
		1.3 Hyperelastic Modeling of Human Passive Myocardium
		1.4 Viscoelastic Modeling of Human Passive Myocardium
		1.5 Scope of the Work
	2 Continuum Mechanics for Viscoelastic Passive Myocardium
		2.1 Kinematics of Finite Deformation for Myocardium
		2.2 General Continuum Framework of Orthotropic Viscoelasticity
	3 Equilibrium Constitutive Relations for Passive Myocardium
	4 Non-Equilibrium Constitutive Relations for Passive Myocardium
		4.1 Convolution Representation of Orthotropic Viscoelasticity
		4.2 Canonical Representation of Orthotropic Viscoelasticity
	5 Representative Example: Triaxial Shear Tests
	6 Conclusion
	References
Towards Surgical Training Phantoms Obtained by Additive Manufacturing: Mechanical Characterization  of Abdominal and Pelvic Organs.  A Literature Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Characterization Approaches
		3.1 Liver
		3.2 Kidney
		3.3 Stomach
		3.4 Pancreas
		3.5 Bladder and Rectum
		3.6 Prostate
	4 Conclusion
	References
Three-Dimensional Multi-Scale Modeling of Electro-Chemomechanical Gastric Smooth Muscle Contraction
	1 Introduction
	2 Structural and Functional Aspects of Stomach Soft Tissue at Different Scales
		2.1 Structure and Function at Organ-Level
		2.2 Structure and Function at Tissue-Level
		2.3 Structure and Function at Cell-Level
	3 Modeling
		3.1 Kinematics
		3.2 Governing Equations
		3.3 Constitutive Equations
	4 Simulation of a Healthy Stomach
		4.1 Geometrical Model of the Stomach
		4.2 Temporal Behavior of ΦICC, ΦSMC, and [Ca2+]
		4.3 Spatio-Temporal Propagation of the Main Variables Across the Stomach Wall
		4.4 Isochronal Activation Map of the SMC Membrane Potential
	5 Discussion
	6 Future Perspective of Gastric Modeling and Simulation in Diagnostic Analysis
		6.1 Computational Challenges in Multi-Scale Gastric Modeling
		6.2 Gastric Modeling as Computational Support in Diagnostics
	References
*-16pt  Additional Challenges in Solid (Bio)mechanics
Classification of Biomechanical Models: The Wrong Battle Between Phenomenological and Structural Approaches, the Partly Underestimated Strength of Phenomenology and Challenges for Future (Clinical) Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 A Model-Based (`Engineering') Point of View: Phenomenological and Structural
	3 An Application-Based Point of View: Phenomenological and Explanatory
	4 The Strength (and Omnipresence) of Phenomenology
	5 An Exemplary `Symptom-Based' Modeling Workflow
	6 Example I: Collagen Fiber Modeling
	7 Example II: Skeletal Muscle Modeling
	8 Conclusion
	References
A Contribution to the Medication-Induced Treatment  of Brain–Tumor Metastases
	1 Introduction
	2 Continuum Mechanics of Brain Tumors
		2.1 The TPM in Brief
		2.2 Model Constitution
		2.3 Constitutive Setting
		2.4 Weak Form of the Governing Equations Describing  the Finite Element Analysis of Metastasis Atrophy
		2.5 Parameter Identification Based on Experimental Data
	3 Numerical Example of Apoptosis Due to Therapeutic Treatment
	4 Conclusion
	References
Global Parameter Identification in Soft Tissues
	1 Introduction
	2 Continuum Model for Soft Tissue
		2.1 Deformation
		2.2 Constitutive Law
		2.3 Equilibrium
	3 Parameter Identification
		3.1 Formulating a Parameter Identification Problem
		3.2 Constraints
		3.3 Gradient-Based Solvers
		3.4 Global Minimum and Heuristic Methods
		3.5 Global Solvers
	4 Branch-and-Bound Identification for an Inflation Experiment
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Modeling Failure and Fracture in Soft Biological Tissues
	1 Introduction
	2 Failure
		2.1 Energy Limiter
		2.2 Cavitation
		2.3 Calcification
		2.4 Crack Direction
	3 Fracture
		3.1 Material Sink
		3.2 Dynamic Fracture
	4 Conclusions
	References
Stretchable Fibrous Materials with Different Micro-Geometries of Wavy Fibers
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
	3 Analysis and Simulations
		3.1 Aligned Loading
		3.2 Inclined Loading
	4 Conclusions
	References
Configurational Forces in Penetration Processes
	1 Introduction
	2 Penetration and Configurational Forces
		2.1 Penetration of a Rigid Body
		2.2 Role of Penetrated Body's Elasticity
	3 Conclusion
	References
Appendix  Index
Index