Solar Eruptions and Energetic Particles

Solar Eruptions and
Energetic Particles......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
1. OVERVIEW......Page 8
3. SEPs AND THEIR RELATION TO FLARES AND CMEs......Page 9
4. CME-DRIVEN SHOCKS AND SEPs IN THE HELIOSPHERE......Page 10
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 11
INDIRECT OBSERVATIONS......Page 13
CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS......Page 16
REFERENCES......Page 19
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 20
2. ACCELERATION OF ENERGETIC CHARGED PARTICLES......Page 21
REFERENCES......Page 24
2. CME STATISTICS......Page 25
3. CME EARLY DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURES......Page 28
4. SELECTED QUESTIONS ABOUT CMES......Page 31
5. SUMMARY......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 35
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 37
2. THE MODEL-FOR-FORECAST PRINCIPLE......Page 38
3. EXISTING SOFTWARE FOR AUTOMATED CME DETECTION IN REMOTE SENSING DATA......Page 40
REFERENCES......Page 44
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 46
3. ERUPTION ONSET......Page 50
4. SHAPE OF EXPANSION OF THE ERUPTING FLUX ROPE......Page 58
REFERENCES......Page 59
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 61
2. THE CONCEPT OF MAGNETIC HELICITY......Page 62
3. THE SOURCES OF HELICITY CARRIED AWAY BY CMES......Page 63
4. MAGNETIC HELICITY AND CME INITIATION......Page 65
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 72
THE PRE-SOHO VIEW......Page 74
SAMPLE CME OBSERVATIONS IN THE SOHO ERA......Page 75
CORONAL DIMMING......Page 79
SIGMOIDAL MORPHOLOGY......Page 81
THE LONG DURATION EVENT......Page 82
OTHER LANDMARK STUDIES......Page 83
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 86
A FLARE-CME MODEL?......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 88
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 90
2. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CME MODELS......Page 92
3. FLUX-ROPE MODELS......Page 93
4. SHEARED-ARCADE MODELS......Page 96
5. SOLAR ERUPTIONS, ENERGETIC PARTICLES AND SPACE WEATHER......Page 99
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR CME MODELS......Page 100
REFERENCES......Page 102
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 104
2. MODELS FOR SEP ACCELERATION......Page 107
3. OBSERVATIONS......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 114
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 116
2. DO GRADUAL SEP EVENTS ACCELERATE SOLAR WIND?......Page 120
3. ARE THERE ENOUGH REMNANT SUPRATHERMALS?......Page 122
4. OTHER SOURCES OF SEED PARTICLES......Page 123
5. SUMMARY......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 125
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 127
3. LARGE EVENTS WITH ENERGY-DEPENDENT CHARGE STATES......Page 128
4. OBSERVATIONS BELOW ONE MEV/NUC......Page 129
6. DISCUSSION......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 136
2. PROCESSES OF CHARGE EQUILIBRATION IN PLASMA......Page 137
3. EQUILIBRIUM CHARGE OF ENERGETIC IONS......Page 138
5. CONSECUTIVE ACCELERATION AND CHARGE-CHANGE......Page 139
7. CONCLUSIONS......Page 141
REFERENCES......Page 142
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 145
2. 3HE- AND HEAVY ION-RICH EVENTS......Page 146
3. LARGE GRADUAL EVENTS......Page 149
4. SUMMARY......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 153
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 155
2. FAST ELECTRONS AS REVEALED BY HXR’S......Page 156
3. RADIO EMISSION......Page 164
4. γ-RAYS AND FAST IONS......Page 165
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 170
REFERENCES......Page 172
2. WHAT PRODUCTS OF PARTICLE INTERACTIONS TELL US ABOUT FLARE-ACCELERATED ELECTRONS AND IONS......Page 175
3. COMPARISON OF ACCELERATED ELECTRONS AND IONS......Page 181
4. ACCELERATED PARTICLES PROBE THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE AND PHOTOSPHERE......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 185
2. MAGNETIC TOPOLOGY OF ACCELERATION REGION......Page 187
3. ALTITUDE OF ACCELERATION REGIONS......Page 189
4. BI-DIRECTIONAL ACCELERATION......Page 190
5. UPWARD VERSUS DOWNWARD ACCELERATION......Page 191
6. ACCESS TO INTERPLANETARY SPACE......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 194
INTRODUCTION......Page 196
DELAYED IMPULSIVE ELECTRON EVENTS......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 202
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 203
2. CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS......Page 204
3. TYPE II RADIO BURSTS......Page 205
4. CME AND TYPE II BURST HIERARCHY......Page 207
6. TYPE II BURSTS AND SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES......Page 208
7. A UNIFIED APPROACH TO TYPE II BURSTS......Page 211
8. FLARES AND TYPE II BURSTS......Page 213
REFERENCES......Page 214
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 217
2. RELATIONSHIP TO MORETON WAVES......Page 219
3. RELATIONSHIP TO TYPE II BURSTS......Page 220
4. FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHOCK WAVES IN THE CORONA......Page 222
5. MORETON- AND EIT WAVES AS A SOURCE OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 226
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 228
2. RADIO EVIDENCE ON ELECTRON ACCELERATION AND PROPAGATION DURING IMPULSIVE FLARES......Page 229
3. ELECTRON ACCELERATION AT TRAVELLING CORONAL SHOCK WAVES: TYPE II RADIO BURSTS......Page 230
4. RADIO EVIDENCE ON THE TIMING AND LOCATION OF SEP RELEASE TO INTERPLANETARY SPACE......Page 232
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 238
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 240
2. SHOCK ORIGIN OF GRADUAL EVENTS......Page 241
3. BASIC EQUATIONS......Page 242
4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND CURRENT WORK......Page 243
5. FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 247
2. PARTICLE TRANSPORT AND TURBULENCE EVOLUTION......Page 249
3. DIFFUSIVE PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN CME-DRIVEN SHOCK WAVES......Page 251
4. SUMMARY......Page 254
REFERENCES......Page 255
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 257
2. GRADUAL SEP EVENTS......Page 258
4. SUMMARY......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 267
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 269
2. CATEGORIZATION......Page 270
3. CURRENT UNDERSTANDING AND APPLICATION......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 275
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 277
2. USING GROUND-BASED INSTRUMENTSFOR STUDYING SPES......Page 280
3. GROUND-BASED STUDIES OF SPES......Page 284
REFERENCES......Page 289
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 291
2. TRANSPORT MODELS......Page 292
3. THEORY......Page 295
4. COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS......Page 297
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 301
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 302
3. IN-ECLIPTIC OBSERVATIONS......Page 303
4. OUT-OF-ECLIPTIC OBSERVATIONS......Page 308
5. OUTER HELIOSPHERE......Page 310
REFERENCES......Page 311
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 313
2. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESULTS......Page 314
3. KET/ULYSSES OBSERVATIONS......Page 315
4. DISCUSSION......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 326
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 327
2. CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS, ENERGETIC PARTICLES, AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS......Page 328
3. GEOEFFECTIVENESS OF CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS......Page 329
4. ENERGETIC PARTICLES AS PROBES OF ICMES......Page 332
5. STORM FORECASTING BY USING ENERGETIC PARTICLE OBSERVATIONS......Page 333
6. SUMMARY......Page 334
REFERENCES......Page 335
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 337
2. HEAVY-ION SURVEY......Page 338
3. DISCUSSION......Page 340
REFERENCES......Page 343
INTRODUCTION......Page 345
PHASE SPACE......Page 346
RADIAL DIFFUSION......Page 347
ENERGY AND PITCH ANGLE DIFFUSION......Page 349
SHOCK INDUCED ACCELERATION......Page 352
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 353
REFERENCES......Page 355
1. MOON, MARS, AND BEYOND......Page 358
2. RADIATION THREAT TO ASTRONAUTS......Page 359
4. HOW BAD CAN AN SPE BE?......Page 360
5. SPE-RELATED “FLIGHT RULES?......Page 361
6. SPACE WEATHER CONTRIBUTION......Page 362
7. SUMMARY......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 364
1. WHAT IS SPACE WEATHER......Page 366
2. FROM THE SUN TO THE EARTH......Page 368
3. IMPORTANT SCIENCE QUESTIONS......Page 371
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 375
REFERENCE......Page 376