Solar cooling technologies

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface
......Page 12
Authors
......Page 14
1.1 Global Energy Production and Resources
......Page 16
1.2.1 Solar-Generated Electricity
......Page 17
1.2.2 Solar Thermal Energy
......Page 18
1.2.3 Cogeneration of Solar Electricity and Heat
......Page 20
1.2.4 Solar Energy Storage
......Page 21
1.3 Refrigeration Applications
......Page 22
1.3.1 Historical Overview
......Page 23
1.4 Refrigerants
......Page 25
1.4.1 Safety, Toxicity, and Flammability
......Page 26
1.4.2 Regulations and Phase Out
......Page 27
1.4.3 Overview of Common Refrigerants and Their Basic Properties
......Page 29
1.4.4 Optimal Properties of Refrigerants
......Page 32
1.5 Solar Cooling Status
......Page 33
Nomenclature
......Page 36
References
......Page 37
2.1 Carnot Cycle for Refrigeration
......Page 42
2.2 The Main Components of Mechanical Refrigeration
......Page 45
2.2.1 Compressor
......Page 46
2.2.1.1 Tutorial on the Compressor
......Page 48
2.2.2 Condenser
......Page 50
2.2.2.1 Tutorial on the Condenser
......Page 53
2.2.3 Evaporator
......Page 55
2.2.4 Throttling Device
......Page 57
2.3 The Vapor Compression Cycle
......Page 58
2.3.1 Actual Vapor Compression Cycle
......Page 60
2.3.3 Multi-Stage and Cascade Vapor Compression Systems
......Page 61
2.3.4 Tutorial on the Vapor Compression Cycle
......Page 62
2.4 Absorption Cooling Cycle
......Page 66
2.4.2 Energy Considerations for an Absorption Cycle
......Page 68
2.4.3 Exergy Considerations
......Page 72
2.4.4 Tutorial on the Absorption Cycle
......Page 73
2.5 Adsorption Cooling Cycle
......Page 78
2.5.1 Energy and Exergy Analysis of the Adsorption Cycle
......Page 80
2.6 Desiccant Cooling Cycle
......Page 81
2.6.1 Energy Considerations for Desiccant Cooling
......Page 83
2.7 Organic Rankine Cycles
......Page 85
2.7.1 Energy and Exergy Considerations for the ORC
......Page 86
2.7.1.1 Tutorial on the ORC
......Page 88
2.8 Supercritical CO2 Cycle
......Page 90
Nomenclature
......Page 91
References
......Page 94
Chapter 3: Solar Thermal Collectors
......Page 96
3.1.1 Flat-Plate Collectors
......Page 97
3.1.2 Evacuated Tube Collectors
......Page 103
3.1.3 Hybrid PV-Thermal Collectors (PVT)
......Page 105
3.2.1 Non-Imaging Concentrating Collectors
......Page 109
3.2.2 Imaging Concentrating Collectors
......Page 111
3.2.2.1 Parabolic Trough Collectors
......Page 114
3.2.2.2 Linear Fresnel Reflectors
......Page 117
3.2.2.3 Central Tower Receivers (CTR)
......Page 119
3.2.2.4 Paraboloidal Dish Reflectors
......Page 121
3.3.1.1 Water Heating Systems
......Page 123
3.3.1.2 Space Heating Systems
......Page 125
3.3.1.3 Space Cooling and Refrigeration Systems
......Page 126
3.3.1.4 Water Desalination Systems
......Page 128
3.3.2.1 Industrial Process Heat Systems
......Page 132
3.3.2.2 Solar Thermal Power Generation Systems
......Page 133
3.3.2.3 Material Processing and Thermochemical Fuel Production Systems
......Page 134
Nomenclature
......Page 136
References
......Page 137
4.1 Photovoltaic Systems
......Page 144
4.1.1 PV Cell Materials
......Page 145
4.2 Solar Electric Chillers
......Page 148
4.3 Photovoltaic-Thermal Systems
......Page 158
Nomenclature
......Page 166
References
......Page 167
5.1.1 Working Pairs
......Page 172
5.1.2 Absorption Units
......Page 174
5.1.3 Theoretical Investigations on Absorption Units
......Page 176
5.1.4 Experimental Investigations on Absorption Units
......Page 181
5.1.5 Market Status
......Page 184
5.2.1 Theoretical Investigations on Solar Absorption Cooling
......Page 187
5.2.2 Dynamic Simulations of Solar Absorption Cooling Systems
......Page 196
5.2.3 Performance Data from Experimental Setups
......Page 197
5.2.4 Rethymno Village Hotel Solar Absorption System
......Page 208
5.2.6 Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving Solar Cooling System
......Page 210
5.2.7 ISI Pergine Business Center
......Page 213
5.2.8 GICB Building Solar Cooling Application
......Page 216
5.2.9 Agència de la Salut Pública
......Page 217
5.2.10 Inditex Arteixo Offices
......Page 218
5.2.11 The Technical College for Engineering in Butzbach
......Page 219
5.2.12 The Jiangmen Solar Absorption System
......Page 220
5.3.1.1 Generator
......Page 222
5.3.1.2 Absorber
......Page 223
5.3.1.3 Condenser
......Page 224
5.3.1.4 Evaporator
......Page 225
5.3.1.7 System Pressures
......Page 226
5.3.1.8 Overall Masses
......Page 227
Nomenclature
......Page 228
References
......Page 230
6.1.1 Physical Adsorbents
......Page 240
6.1.2 Chemical Adsorbents
......Page 242
6.1.3 Composite Adsorbents
......Page 243
6.2 Adsorption Refrigerants
......Page 244
6.3.3 Activated Carbon-Ammonia
......Page 245
6.3.5 Working Pair Comparison Investigations
......Page 246
6.4 Adsorption Chiller Applications
......Page 248
6.5 Solar Cooling with Adsorption Chillers
......Page 257
6.7.1 Basic Assumptions
......Page 266
6.7.3 Evaporator
......Page 272
6.7.6 Condenser
......Page 273
6.7.7 Performance Indicators
......Page 274
6.8 Model Solution and Results
......Page 275
6.9.1.4 Phase 4
......Page 278
6.9.1.5 Performance Data
......Page 279
6.9.2 The University of Freiburg Hospital Case
......Page 280
6.9.3 Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Technology—Freiburg, Germany
......Page 281
Nomenclature
......Page 282
References
......Page 284
7.1.2 Ejector Cooling
......Page 292
7.1.3 Stirling Cooling
......Page 298
7.1.4 Electrochemical Cooling
......Page 299
7.2.1 Desiccant-Brayton Cascade Cycle
......Page 300
7.2.2 Desiccant-Vapor Compression Cycle
......Page 301
7.2.3 Absorption-Rankine Cycle
......Page 302
7.2.4 Ejector-VCC Hybrid System
......Page 303
7.2.5 Ejector-Absorption Cycle
......Page 305
7.2.6 Absorption-Compressor Cycle
......Page 309
7.2.7 Electrochemical-Absorption Cycle
......Page 311
7.3.1 Solar Ejector-VCC Coupling
......Page 313
7.3.2 Solar Ejector-Rankine Cycle
......Page 315
7.3.4 Solar Absorption-Rankine Cycle
......Page 317
7.3.5 Solar Absorption-VCC Coupling
......Page 318
7.3.7 Solar Adsorption-Ejector
......Page 320
7.3.8 Solar Adsorption-Desiccant Cooling Systems
......Page 323
Nomenclature
......Page 325
References
......Page 326
8.1 Introduction
......Page 332
8.2 Literature Review
......Page 333
8.3 Case Study: The BioTRIC Trigeneration System
......Page 344
Nomenclature
......Page 349
References
......Page 350
9.1 Evaporative Cooling
......Page 354
9.1.1 Direct Evaporative Cooling
......Page 355
9.1.2 Indirect Evaporative Cooling
......Page 356
9.2.1 Desiccant Wheel
......Page 357
9.2.2 Packed Bed
......Page 358
9.2.5 Indirect Contact Dehumidifiers/Regenerators
......Page 359
9.3 Solid Desiccant Cooling
......Page 360
9.3.4 Investigations on Solid Desiccant Cooling
......Page 361
9.4 Liquid Desiccant Cooling
......Page 363
9.4.1 Investigations on Liquid Desiccant Cooling
......Page 365
9.5.1 Market Status
......Page 366
9.5.2 Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on Solar Desiccant Cooling
......Page 367
9.6.1 Ökopark Hartberg Case
......Page 373
9.6.2 Ineti Research Building
......Page 374
Nomenclature
......Page 376
References
......Page 377
Chapter 10: Thermal Energy Storage
......Page 382
10.1 Sensible Thermal Energy Storage
......Page 383
10.1.1.1 Water
......Page 385
10.1.2.1 Packed Bed Storage
......Page 388
10.1.2.2 Borehole Thermal Energy Storage
......Page 389
10.2 Latent Energy Storage (LTES)
......Page 390
10.2.1 Phase Change Materials Classification and Properties
......Page 391
10.2.2 Containment of Phase Change Materials
......Page 393
10.2.3.1 Micro- and Nano-Encapsulation
......Page 394
10.2.3.3 Insertion of High-Conductivity Materials
......Page 395
10.2.3.4 Impregnation of High-Conductivity Porous Structures
......Page 396
10.2.3.5 Cascaded PCM Storage Systems
......Page 397
10.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage (TCS)
......Page 398
10.3.1 Chemical Sorption Processes
......Page 399
10.3.2 Chemical Reaction Processes
......Page 400
Nomenclature
......Page 403
References
......Page 404
11.1 Introduction
......Page 408
11.2 Overview of Solar Cooling Technologies
......Page 409
11.3 Literature Review of Solar Cooling Economic Evaluation Studies
......Page 415
11.4 Compilation of Cost Data for Solar Cooling Technologies
......Page 423
11.5.1 System Description and Modeling
......Page 426
11.5.1.1 Step 1. Selection of Geographical Location and Building Types, Calculation of Cooling Loads
......Page 427
11.5.1.2 Step 2. Modeling and Sizing of the Solar Cooling Systems
......Page 428
11.5.2 Economic Evaluation Methodology
......Page 432
11.5.3.1 Optimization Results
......Page 438
11.5.3.2 Parametric Analyses
......Page 442
11.6 Conclusions
......Page 444
Nomenclature
......Page 445
References
......Page 446
Index
......Page 450