Solar Cells: Research and Application Perspectives

Cover......Page 1
Solar Cells: Research and Application Perspectives......Page 2
©......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
1. Introduction......Page 17
2. Principle of third generation solar cells based on silicon......Page 18
3.1. Silicon quantum dots solar cells......Page 23
3.1.1. Optimum size of Si QDs......Page 24
3.1.2. Optimum spacing of Si QDs......Page 26
3.1.3. Optimum dielectric matrix of Si QDs......Page 28
3.2. Silicon nanowire solar cells......Page 33
4.1. Concentrator Photovoltaics......Page 36
4.2. Passivating the interfacial defects......Page 37
5. Conclusions and outlook......Page 38
References......Page 39
1. Introduction......Page 43
2. Photovoltaic characteristics of solar cells......Page 45
3. Losses in solar cells......Page 47
4. Fabrication and Properties of Porous Silicon......Page 51
5. Porous silicon layers in silicon solar cells......Page 58
6. Conclusion......Page 68
References......Page 70
1. Introduction......Page 75
2.1. Electro-polishing process......Page 77
2.2. Electrical chemical mechanical polish process......Page 78
3.1. Experimental details......Page 79
3.3. Optical properties......Page 81
3.5. Impurity diffusion in a-Si:H films......Page 83
3.6. a-Si:H thin-film solar cells performance......Page 84
4.1. Experimental details......Page 85
4.2. Morphological properties......Page 86
4.4. Current-voltage characteristics......Page 87
4.5. Impurity diffusion in a-Si:H films......Page 88
4.6. a-Si:H thin-film solar cells performance......Page 89
5. Conclusions......Page 91
References......Page 92
1. Introduction......Page 95
2. A brief history......Page 98
3. The history of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)se2 at the ThiFiLab......Page 101
4. A future perspective: the cu2znsns4 system......Page 113
5. Conclusions......Page 118
References......Page 119
1. Introduction......Page 123
2. General properties of CZTS thin film......Page 125
2.1. Crystal structure......Page 126
2.2. Optical properties......Page 127
2.3. Electrical properties......Page 128
3. CZTS thin film solar cell......Page 130
3.2. Deposition techniques of CZTS thin films......Page 131
3.3.1. Evaporation......Page 133
3.3.2. Sputtering......Page 136
3.3.3. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD)......Page 139
3.3.4.1. Electrodeposition......Page 140
3.3.4.2. Sol-gel method......Page 141
3.3.4.3. Nanoparticle-based method......Page 143
4.1.1. Defect control......Page 144
4.1.2. Pure CZTS phase generation and secondary phase detection......Page 145
4.2. Bandgap engineering......Page 146
4.3. Toxic element-free......Page 148
4.3.1. Selenium-free......Page 149
4.3.2. Cadmium-free......Page 150
4.4. Nanostructured CZTS solar cell......Page 151
5. Remarks and conclusions......Page 152
References......Page 153
1. Introduction......Page 161
2.1. Introduction......Page 163
2.3. Electronic properties......Page 164
2.5.1. Vacuum based approaches ( sputtering/evaporation)......Page 165
2.5.2. Electrodeposition......Page 166
2.5.4. Solution based methods......Page 167
3.1. Introduction......Page 168
3.3.2. Evaporation......Page 169
4.1. Introduction......Page 170
4.2.3. Spray pyrolysis......Page 171
4.3.1. Influence of cell design on Voc......Page 172
4.4. Recent progress in FeS2 solar cell device......Page 173
5. Other earth-abundant candidates......Page 174
References......Page 175
1. Introduction......Page 185
2. The Light Harvesting Efficiency (LHE)......Page 187
3. Mesoporous photoanodes with high surface area......Page 189
4. Hierarchical photoanodes......Page 196
5. Scattering layers on nc-TiO2 electrode......Page 200
6. Plasmonic DSCs......Page 205
7. Photonic crystals based photoanodes and more......Page 210
Author details......Page 214
References......Page 215
1. Introduction......Page 219
2. Types of conducting polymers......Page 220
2.3. Polyacetylene (PA)......Page 221
2.7. Polyaniline (PANI)......Page 222
3.1. Nanocomposites of PANI and cadmium sulphide......Page 223
4. Basic structure and kinetics of DSSCs......Page 227
5.1. PANI as hole transport materials for DSSCs......Page 229
5.2. PANI as counter electrodes for DSSCs......Page 233
6. DSSCs based on metal oxide semiconductors......Page 235
6.1. DSSCs Based on TiO2 Photoanode......Page 236
6.2. DSSCs based ZnO photoanode......Page 240
7.1. Sn doped ZnO nanostructures for solar cell performance......Page 248
7.2. Ga doped ZnO nanostructures with improved electrical properties......Page 252
8. Metal oxides as nanofillers in polymer electrolytes......Page 256
9. Conclusions......Page 263
References......Page 264
1. Introduction......Page 277
2.1. Methology......Page 279
2.2 Results and discussion......Page 280
3. Investigation of the Organic Tandem Solar Cell......Page 286
3.2. Results and discussion......Page 288
4. Conclusion......Page 293
References......Page 294
1. Introduction......Page 297
2.1. Growth procedure of chemical beam epitaxy......Page 298
2.2. Growth of GaAsN thin films......Page 299
2.3. Crystal quality of GaAsN grown by CBE......Page 302
3.1. Hall hole mobility......Page 303
3.2. Improvement of mobility by controlling the growth rate......Page 306
4.1.1. Improvement of minority carrier lifetime by controlling growth rate......Page 308
4.2. Improvement of minority carrier lifetime by controlling substrate orientation......Page 310
5. Lattice defects in GaAsN grown by CBE......Page 312
5.1. N-related non radiative recombination center......Page 314
5.2. N-related acceptor like state in GaAsN......Page 316
6. Conclusion......Page 317
Author details......Page 318
References......Page 319
1. Introduction......Page 323
3. ISOSIM software and experimental parameters......Page 325
4. Effect of the surrounding medium on solar cell efficiency......Page 332
5. Effect of AR coating material on solar cell efficiency......Page 334
6. Current matching: Stand-alone solar cell vs. performance in CPV module......Page 336
7. Power loss in a CPV module due to a non-matched solar cell......Page 339
Author details......Page 340
References......Page 341
1. Introduction......Page 343
2. Electric energy management in an autonomy unit of solar cell system: A perspective......Page 344
3. Solar cell and eficiency......Page 345
4.1.1. Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)......Page 347
4.1.2. Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM)......Page 350
4.2. DC to AC inverter for AC buss system......Page 351
4.2.1. Full bridge inverter......Page 352
4.2.1.1. Half-bridge inverter......Page 353
4.2.1.2. Full-bridge Inverter......Page 354
4.2.1.3. Sinusoidal pulse wave modulation......Page 356
4.2.2. 3-Level PWM realization......Page 358
4.3. Filter......Page 359
5.1. Batteray analysis......Page 361
5.1.1. Batteray charging model......Page 362
5.1.2. Batteray discharging model......Page 364
5.2. Electronics energy management system......Page 365
References......Page 366
1. Introduction......Page 369
2. Theory and analysis......Page 370
3.1. Source resistance measurements......Page 376
3.2. Conventional hybrid wind and PV power generating system......Page 378
3.4. Microprocessor- controlled hybrid wind and PV power generating system......Page 380
References......Page 384