Solar Cell Nanotechnology

 Content: Preface xvii    Part 1 Current Developments 1    1 Design Considerations for Efficient and Stable Polymer Solar Cells 3   Prajwal Adhikary, Jing Li, and Qiquan Qiao   1.1 Introduction 4  1.2 Role of Interfacial Layer for Efficient BHJ Solar Cells 11  1.3 Selection of Interfacial Layer for Stable and Longer Lifetime 20  1.4 Materials Used as Interfacial Layer 26  1.5 Conclusion and Outlook 34  Acknowledgement 34  References 35   2 Carbazole-Based Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Role of Carbazole as Donor, Auxiliary Donor and PI-linker 41   A. Venkateswararao and K. R. Justin Thomas   2.1 Introduction 42  2.2 Carbazole as a Donor for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 44  2.3 Carbazole as a PI-Linker 64  2.4 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor for DSSC 75  2.5 Carbazole as Donor as Well as Linker for DSSC 87  2.6 Conclusion and Outlook 91  Acknowledgements 92  References 92   3 Colloidal Synthesis of CuInS  2   and CuInSe  2   Nanocrystals for Photovoltaic Applications 97   Joanna Kolny-Olesiak   3.1 Introduction 97  3.2 Synthesis of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanocrystals 99  3.3 Application of Colloidal CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanoparticles in Solar Energy Conversion 109  3.4 Conclusion and Outlook 112  References 112   4 Two Dimensional Layered Semiconductors: Emerging Materials for Solar Photovoltaics 117   Mariyappan Shanmugam and Bin Yu   4.1 Introduction 118  4.2 Material Synthesis 119  4.3 Photovoltaic Device Fabrication 122  4.4 Microstructural and Raman Spectroscopic Studies of MoS2 and WS2 124  4.5 Photovoltaic Performance Evaluation 126  4.6 Electronic Transport and Interfacial Recombination 129  4.7 Conclusion and Outlook 132  References 133   5 Control of ZnO Nanorods for Polymer Solar Cells 135   Hsin-Yi Chen, Ching-Fuh Lin   5.1 Introduction 136  5.2 Preparation and Characterization of ZnO NRs 137  5.3 Application of ZnO NR in Polymer Solar Cells 147  5.4 Conclusion and Outlook 154  References 154   Part 2 Noble Approaches 159    6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 161   Lakshmi V. Munukutla, Aung Htun, Sailaja Radhakrishanan, Laura Main, and Arunachala M. Kannan   6.1 Introduction 161  6.2 Background 163  6.3 DSSC Key Performance Parameters 173  6.4 Device Improvements 174  6.5 DSSC Performance with Different Electrolytes 180  6.6 Conclusion and Outlook 183  References 183   7 Nanoimprint Lithography for Photovoltaic Applications 185   Benjamin Schumm and Stefan Kaskel   7.1 Introduction 186  7.2 Soft Lithography 186  7.3 NIL-Based Techniques for PV 190  7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 198  References 199   8 Indoor Photovoltaics: Efficiencies, Measurements and Design 203    Monika Freunek (Muller)    8.1 Introduction 203  8.2 Indoor Radiation 205  8.3 Maximum Efficiencies 208  8.4 Optimization Strategies 213  8.5 Characterization and Measured Efficiencies 216  8.6 Irradiance Measurements 217  8.7 Characterization 217  8.8 Conclusion and Outlook 219  References 221   9 Photon Management in Rare Earth Doped Nanomaterials for Solar Cells 223   Jiajia Zhou, Jianrong Qiu   9.1 Introduction 223  9.2 Basic Aspects of Solar Cell 224  9.4 Down-Conversion Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Application 232  9.5 Conclusion and Outlook 236  References 238   Part 3 Developments in Prospective 241    10 Advances in Plasmonic Light Trapping in Thin-Film Solar Photovoltaic Devices 243   J. Gwamuri, D. O. Guney, and J. M. Pearce   10.1 Introduction 244  10.2 Theoretical Approaches to Plasmonic Light Trapping Mechanisms in Thin-fi lm PV 247  10.3 Plasmonics for Improved Photovoltaic Cells Optical Properties 256  10.4 Fabrication Techniques and Economics 260  10.5 Conclusion and Outlook 263  Acknowledgements 266  References 266   11 Recent Research and Development of Luminescent Solar Concentrators 271     Yun Seng Lim, Shin Yiing Kee, and Chin Kim Lo    11.1 Introduction 272  11.2 Mechanisms of Power Losses in Luminescent Solar Concentrator 274  11.3 Modeling 276  11.4 Polymer Materials 279  11.5 Luminescent Materials for Luminescent Solar Concentrator 280  11.6 New Designs of Luminescent Solar Concentrator 286  11.7 Conclusion and Outlook 287  References 289   12 Luminescent Solar Concentrators -- State of the Art and Future Perspectives 293   M. Tonezzer, D. Gutierrez, and D. Vincenzi   12.1 Introduction to the Third Generation of Photovoltaic Systems 294  12.2 Luminescence Solar Concentrators (LSCs) 294  12.3 Components of LSC Devices 299  12.4 Pathways for Improving LSC Efficiency 308  12.5 Conclusion and Outlook 311  Acknowledgments 312  References 312   13 Organic Fluorophores for Luminescent Solar Concentrators 317   Luca Beverina and Alessandro Sanguineti   13.1 Introduction 318  13.2 LSCs: Device Operation and Main Features 321  13.3 Luminophores in LSCs 324  13.4 Conclusion and Outlook 349  References 351   14 PAn-Graphene-Nanoribbon Composite Materials for Organic Photovoltaics: A DFT Study of Their Electronic and Charge Transport Properties 357   Javed Mazher, Asefa A. Desta, and Shabina Khan   14.1 Introduction 358  14.2 Review of Computational Background 379  14.3 Atomistic Computational Simulations: Modeling and Methodology 385  14.4 Results and Discussions 389  14.5 Conclusion and Outlook 398  References 400   15 Analytical Modeling of Thin-Film Solar Cells -- Fundamentals and Applications 409   Kurt Taretto   15.1 Introduction 409  15.2 Basics 410  15.3 Fundamental Semiconductor Equations 417  15.4 Analytical Models for Selected Solar Cells 425  15.5 The Importance of the Temperature Dependence of VOC 442  15.6 Conclusions and Outlook 444  Acknowledgements 444  References 444   16 Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Cells: Current Global Scenario 447   Sandeep Rai and Atul Tiwari   16.1 Introduction 448  16.2 Current Developments in OPVs 455  16.3 Economics of Solar Energy 464  16.4 Conclusions and Future Trends in Photovoltaic 468  References 471   17 Real and Reactive Power Control of Voltage Source Converter-Based Photovoltaic Generating Systems 475    S. Mishra and P. C. Sekhar   17.1 Introduction 476  17.2 State of Art 478  17.3 Proposed Solution 479  17.4 Modeling of the PV Generator 480  17.5 Control of the PV Generator 483  17.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Architecture 491  17.7 Conclusion and Outlook 501  References 502   Index 505