Soil-Water Interactions: Mechanisms Applications, Second Edition, Revised Expanded

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Series Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Preface to Second Edition......Page 8
Preface to the First Edition......Page 11
Table of Contents......Page 14
   Capillary Potential......Page 24
   Establishment of the Energy Concept......Page 27
   Total Potential and Its Components......Page 29
   Physical Meaning of Tensiometer Pressure......Page 30
   Difficulties with the Total Potential......Page 31
   Envelope Pressure Potential or Overburden Potential......Page 34
 1.2 Thermodynamics of Water in Soils......Page 36
   Types of Work Relating to Water in Soil......Page 37
   General Differential Forms of Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Potential (Total Potential)......Page 39
  1.2.2 Chemical Potential Water in Soil......Page 41
   Factors Affecting Chemical Potential......Page 42
   Variables of State for Water in Soil......Page 49
   Dependence of Chemical Potential on Position in the Soil Solution......Page 53
   Temperature Dependence of the Tensiometer Pressure Water Content Relationship......Page 59
   Driving Forces......Page 61
  1.3.1 Hysteresis......Page 62
   Different Pore Sizes......Page 67
   Adsorbed Water on Clay Surfaces......Page 71
   Fundamental Independent Domain Theory......Page 73
   Application of the Domain Theory to Hysteresis in Soil Water Phenomena......Page 77
   Further Developments of Domain Theories......Page 81
   Controversial Points in the Application of the Domain Theory to Hysteresis in Soil Water Phenomena......Page 82
  1.3.4 Other Theories......Page 83
  1.3.5 Thermodynamics of Systems Exhibiting Hysteresis......Page 84
 References......Page 85
   Structure of the Water Molecule......Page 92
   Hydrogen Bond......Page 93
   Structures of Ice and Water......Page 94
  2.1.2 Hydration of Ions......Page 95
  2.1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Clays......Page 96
   Structure......Page 97
   Electric Charge......Page 101
 2.2 Interaction Between Water and in Uncharged Soil Particle......Page 105
  2.3.1 Balance of Forces on Ions, and the Ionic Distribution......Page 106
  2.3.2 Gouy Theory......Page 109
   Infinite Distance Between Plates......Page 110
   Finite Distance Between Plates......Page 113
   Unusual Distribution of Electrical Potential Near an Edge Surface of Montmorillonite......Page 115
   Assumption of Point Charge......Page 117
   Diffuse Layer Terminated by an Air-Water Interface......Page 119
  2.3.4 Force Acting on Water Molecules in a Diffuse Ion Layer......Page 127
  2.3.5 Significance of the Interaction Between Soil Particles and Soil Solution on Soil Properties......Page 128
   Chemical Potentials of Water and Ice......Page 130
   Super-cooling......Page 131
   Freezing-Point Depression......Page 132
  2.4.2 Unfrozen Water in Frozen Soils......Page 134
   Dependence of Unfrozen Water on Original Water Content......Page 137
  2.4.3 Frost Heaving......Page 139
   Water Movement in Frost Heaving......Page 140
   Soil Freezing......Page 142
   Driving Forces at the Freezing Front......Page 146
   Heaving Pressure......Page 147
 2.5 Physicochemical Properties of Adsorbed Water......Page 148
   Physicochemical Properties of Adsorbed Water and Film Thickness......Page 149
   Interaction Between a Clay Surface and Water Molecules......Page 151
  2.5.2 Physicochemical Properties of Water Adsorbed by Clays......Page 153
   Interactions Between a Clay Surface and a Water Molecule......Page 154
   Entropy......Page 156
   Viscosity......Page 159
  2.5.3 The Range of Influence for Surface Forces......Page 162
 References......Page 165
  3.1.1 Potential Energy Due to the Interaction of Two Double Layers......Page 177
   Repulsive Force Acting Between Two Plates......Page 178
   Potential Energy Due to the Repulsive Force......Page 180
   Differences Between V(sub[R]) and V(sub[R])......Page 183
   Charge-Regulation Model for Particles with Variable Charges......Page 184
   Attraction Energy Due to van der Waals Forces......Page 186
   Hamaker Constant......Page 188
  3.1.3 Total Potential Energy......Page 189
   Swelling Clays......Page 190
   Discrete Charges......Page 192
   Forces Between Mica Surfaces......Page 194
   Other Forces......Page 196
   Repulsion Energy V(sub[R])......Page 198
   Total Potential Energy V(sub[T])......Page 200
   Flocculation of Montmorillonite......Page 201
   Repulsion Energy V(sub[R]) and Attraction Energy V(sub[A])......Page 203
   Flocculation of Allophane......Page 204
  3.3.1 Crystalline Swelling......Page 207
   Chemical Potential of Water......Page 209
   Swelling Under Unsaturated Conditions......Page 211
  3.3.3 Application of the DLVO Theory to Macroscopic Swelling......Page 212
  3.3.4 Swelling Theory Based on Structural Forces......Page 215
   Effect of Electrolyte Concentration......Page 217
   Effect of pH......Page 219
  3.4.1 Characteristics of Solution Flow Through Clay Layers......Page 221
   Salt Sieving and the Salt Sieving or Rejection Coefficient......Page 222
   Reflection Coefficient or Osmotic Efficiency Coefficient......Page 224
   Characteristics of Solution Flow Through a Clay Layer......Page 226
   Rejection Coefficient (Salt Sieving Coefficient)......Page 228
   Streaming Potential......Page 229
   Streaming Potential and Hydraulic Pressure Gradient......Page 232
   Pressure-Induced and Electrokinetic Flows......Page 233
  3.4.4 Application of Irreversible Thermodynamics to Solution Flow Through Clay Layers......Page 235
  3.4.5 Future Research Effort......Page 240
 References......Page 241
  4.1.1 Laplace Equation......Page 252
  4.1.2 Capillary Rise in a Tube......Page 253
  4.1.3 Lens Water Between Spheres......Page 255
  4.1.4 Meniscus Within a Pore Cell......Page 257
  4.2.1 Capillary Rise......Page 261
  4.2.2 Capillary Moisture Distribution Under Suction......Page 264
  4.2.3 Suspended Capillary Water in Soil......Page 265
  4.3.1 Neck Size Distribution Function......Page 267
  4.3.2 Connecting Systems of Pore Cells......Page 271
  4.3.3 Drainage Curves......Page 275
  4.3.4 Capillary Moisture Distribution Curve After Drainage or After Wetting......Page 276
 References......Page 278
 5.1 General Concepts of Water Flow......Page 280
  5.1.1 Historical Review......Page 281
  5.1.2 Darcy's Law......Page 283
  5.1.3 Equation of Continuity......Page 285
 5.2 Pressure Distribution During Water Flow......Page 287
  5.2.1 Steady Vertical Downward Flow in a Uniform Soil......Page 288
  5.2.2 Horizontal and Upward Flow in a Uniform Soil......Page 290
  5.2.3 Flow in a Layered Soil......Page 291
  5.3.1 Temperature Effect......Page 293
  5.3.3 Pore Properties......Page 294
  5.3.5 Other Approaches to Permeability......Page 300
  5.3.7 Average Hydraulic Conductivity of Layered Soil......Page 302
  5.3.8 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity......Page 303
  5.4.1 Entrapped Air......Page 305
  5.4.2 Capillary Syphon Flow......Page 307
  5.4.4 Unsaturated Downward Flow in Layered Soil......Page 309
  5.5.1 General Concepts......Page 314
  5.5.2 Downward Infiltration into a Uniform Soil......Page 315
  5.5.3 Downward Infiltration into a Layered Soil......Page 319
  5.5.4 Horizontal Water Flow......Page 327
  5.5.5 Upward Flow......Page 328
  5.6.1 Characteristic Features of Fingering......Page 330
  5.6.2 Criteria for Wetting Front Instability and Finger Width......Page 334
  5.6.3 Mechanism of Finger Persistence......Page 336
 References......Page 340
  6.1.1 Darcy's Law and the Capillary Model......Page 347
  6.1.2 Experimental Results......Page 349
   Non-Newtonian and Bingham Flow......Page 353
   Film Water Flow......Page 354
  6.2.1 Introduction......Page 356
   Scale Effect......Page 359
   Estimation of REV......Page 360
   The Semi-Variogram......Page 366
   Estimation of Parameters in the Semi-Variogram Function......Page 367
  6.2.4 Spatial Dependence of Hydraulic Conductivity in the Field......Page 369
  6.2.5 Stochastic Theory for Water Flow in Heterogeneous Soil......Page 371
  6.3.1 Historical Review......Page 377
   Experimental Results......Page 381
   Theoretical Results......Page 387
   Investigation of Conditions in the Theoretical Derivation of the Convection-Dispersion Equation......Page 389
   Does Asymptotic Behavior Exist?......Page 393
   REV for Solute Transport......Page 397
  6.4.1 Concepts of Fractal Geometry......Page 400
  6.4.2 Estimation of Fractal Dimension......Page 402
   Fractal Dimension of the Distribution Pattern of an Object Distributed in Space......Page 403
   Estimation of the Brenner Number Using the Fractal Dimension......Page 405
   An Explanation of Scale-Dependent Dispersivity Based on Fractal Geometry......Page 407
 References......Page 408
  7.1.1 Physical Properties......Page 419
  7.1.2 Water Regimes in Upland Soils in Japan......Page 424
  7.1.3 Water Movement in Upland Soils......Page 427
 7.2 Water Balance in Rice Paddy Fields......Page 429
  7.2.1 Types of Paddy Fields......Page 430
  7.2.2 Water Requirement in Paddy Fields......Page 431
  7.2.3 Percolation and Rice Growth......Page 433
  7.2.4 Soil Properties of Paddy Fields......Page 434
  7.2.5 Control of Percolation in Paddy Fields......Page 436
  7.2.6 Puddling......Page 437
  7.3.1 General Pattern of Drainage in a Clayey Paddy Field......Page 438
  7.3.3 Effect of Subsurface Drains......Page 441
  7.4.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in a Paddy Field......Page 444
  7.4.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorous Budgets in Paddy Fields......Page 447
  7.4.4 Nitrogen Removal in Paddy Fields......Page 449
 References......Page 451
Index......Page 458