Soil Chemistry Basic Elements

Soil Chemistry: A. Basic Elements......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
List of Symbol......Page 12
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 11
CHAPTER 1. COMPOSITION OF THE SOIL......Page 16
1.1. Solid Phase Components......Page 17
1.2. The Liquid Phase......Page 25
1.3. The Gas Phase......Page 26
2.1. The Condition for Equilibrium......Page 28
2.2. Standard States and Activities......Page 29
2.3. Activity Coefficients of ions in Aqueous Solutions......Page 31
2.4. Calculation of Equilibrium Constants from Thermodynamic Data......Page 36
2.5. Some Thermodynamic Considerations......Page 37
2.6. Illustrative Calculations......Page 38
2.7. Reactions Involving the Transfer of Protons and/or Electrons......Page 45
2.8. Graphical Presentation of Solubility Equilibria......Page 51
2.9. Surface Structure and Solubility......Page 55
3.1. The Surface Charge of the Solid Phase......Page 58
3.2. Properties of the Liquid Layer Adjacent to the Solid Phase......Page 60
3.3. The Influence of the Interaction Between Solid and Liquid Phase on Soil Properties......Page 67
4.1. Qualitative Description of the Exchange Reaction......Page 69
4.2. Experimental Approach......Page 71
4.3. Model Considerations......Page 78
4.4. The Exchange Equilibrium......Page 80
4.5. Highly Selective Adsorption of Cations by Soil......Page 87
4.6. The Adsorption of H- and Al-Ions by Soil Constituents......Page 91
5.1. Anion Exclusion at Negatively Charged Surfaces......Page 106
5.2. The Positive Adsorption of Anions......Page 107
5.3. Phosphate ‘Fixation’......Page 109
6.1. Carbonate Equilibria......Page 111
6.2. Iron Oxides and Hydroxides......Page 120
6.3. Aluminum......Page 128
6.4. Phosphorus......Page 133
6.5. Relevant Thermodynamic Data of the Systems Discussed......Page 136
7.1. Transport with and in the Liquid Phase......Page 141
7.2. Solute Displacement in Soil......Page 142
7.3. The Penetrating Solute Front......Page 147
7.4. Some Practical Examples......Page 150
7.5. Some Cautioning Remarks......Page 154
8.1. Introduction......Page 156
8.2. Weathering of Soil Minerals......Page 160
8.3. Soil Reduction and Oxidation......Page 173
8.4. Reverse Weathering......Page 181
CHAPTER 9. SALINE AND SODIC SOILS......Page 186
9.1. Chemical Characterization of Saline and Alkali Soils......Page 188
9.2. Salinization of Soils Upon Irrigation......Page 190
9.3. Sodication of Soils Upon Irrigation......Page 194
9.4. Alkalinization Under Irrigation......Page 198
9.5. Chemical Aspects of the Reclamation of Saline and Sodic Soils......Page 201
CHAPTER 10.  POLLUTION OF SOIL......Page 207
10.1. Soil as an Environmental Component......Page 208
10.2. Recognition and Prediction of Soil Pollution......Page 209
10.3. Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Soil......Page 212
10.4. Heavy Metals and Trace Elements......Page 233
10.5. Organic Pesticides in Soil......Page 254
10.6. Miscellaneous Soil Pollution Sources......Page 270
10.7. Positioning the Present Treatise with Respect to Adjacent Areas of......Page 277
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 287