Software Architecture. ECSA 2022 Tracks and Workshops: Prague, Czech Republic, September 19–23, 2022, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)

Preface
Organization
Contents
Industry Track
Blockchain-Based Architecture of Immutable Document Repository
	1 Introduction
	2 Showcase of Durable Media System
		2.1 Business Context and the Purpose of the System
		2.2 Key Architectural Decisions
		2.3 Architecture Presentation
		2.4 Pros and Cons of the Architecture
	3 Conclusion
	References
An Overview About Terravis Architecture Large-Scale Business Process Integration for Swiss Land Register Processes
	1 Introduction and History of Terravis
	2 Desired Quality Attributes
	3 Architecture Description
	4 API Design Principles
	5 Lessons Learned
	6 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Architectural Revision of the E-Assessment System JACK
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Analysis
	3 Solution Architecture
	4 Initial Solution Assessment
	5 Future Work and Lessons Learned
	References
Tools and Demonstrations Track
ExpressO: From Express.js Implementation Code to OpenAPI Interface Descriptions
	1 Introduction
	2 Background: OpenAPI
	3 Related Work
	4 Use Cases
	5 ExpressO
		5.1 Approach
		5.2 Architecture
		5.3 API Comparison and Coverage Report
	6 Evaluation
		6.1 API Components Coverage
		6.2 Performance
	7 Conclusion
	References
Tool-Based Attack Graph Estimation and Scenario Analysis for Software Architectures
	1 Introduction
	2 Running Example
	3 Attack Propagation Tool
		3.1 Modeling Software Architecture
		3.2 Attack Propagation Modeling
		3.3 Attack Propagation Analysis and Tool Results
	4 Modeling Architectural Access Control
	5 Analyzing Access Control Policies
	6 Evaluation
		6.1 Evaluation Design
		6.2 Results and Discussion
		6.3 Threats to Validity
		6.4 Limitations
	7 Related Work
	8 Conclusion and Future Development
	References
Apache Kafka as a Middleware to Support the PLC-Service Bus Architecture with IEC 61499
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Architectural Background
		2.2 IEC 61499
	3 PLC-Service Bus with IEC 61499
		3.1 Ad-hoc Implementation
		3.2 Limitations
	4 Apache Kafka with IEC 61499
		4.1 Suitability of Apache Kafka as a Middleware
		4.2 Integration of Apache Kafka
	5 Using Apache Kafka as Middleware for the PLC-Service Bus
		5.1 Running Example
		5.2 Implementation
	6 Related Work
	7 Discussion
	8 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Toolchain for Simulation Component Specification and Identification
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 The Toolchain for Simulation Specification and Simulation Component Identification
		3.1 Specification of Simulation Components
		3.2 Identification of Simulation Components
	4 Conclusion
	5 Future Development
	References
DAT: Data Architecture Modeling Tool for Data-Driven Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 IEEE/ISO/IEC 42010 Architecture Description
		2.2 The CAPS Modeling Framework
		2.3 The Important of Data Architecture
		2.4 The DAT Tool
	3 Real Use Cases
		3.1 Operational Data Warehouse
		3.2 Hydre
		3.3 Errors Data Pipeline
	4 Evaluation
		4.1 Errors Data Pipeline
		4.2 Hydre
		4.3 Operational Data Warehouse
	5 Related Work
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Doctoral Symposium
Controlling Automatic Experiment-Driven Systems Using Statistics and Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 What is an Experiment-Driven System?
		2.2 A Use-Case of an Experiment-Driven System
		2.3 Reducing Experiment Driven Systems Computation Costs
		2.4 Controlling Experiment-Driven Systems
	3 Running Example
	4 Motivation
	5 Research Goals and Methodology
	6 Evaluation Strategy
		6.1 Preliminary Evaluation
		6.2 Evaluation Strategy
	7 Preliminary Results
	8 Related Works
	9 Conclusion
	References
Tutorials
Trust Management in the Internet of Everything
	1 Introduction
	2 Understanding Trust
		2.1 Definitions of Trust
		2.2 Characteristics of Trust
		2.3 Scope of Trust Evaluation
		2.4 Trust Components
	3 Trust Management Activities
		3.1 Direct-Trust Evaluation
		3.2 Indirect-Trust Management
		3.3 Trust Decision
	4 Trust-Based Mechanisms for Ecosystem Wellbeing
	5 Trust Attacks
	6 Scenarios
		6.1 Collision Avoidance with Misbehaving Vehicle
		6.2 Trust in Run-time Update Downloaded to a Vehicle
		6.3 Trust-based Vehicle Admission in a Platoon
		6.4 Human-to-Vehicle Trust Building in Autonomous Driving
		6.5 Information Exchange in Coordinated Ecosystem Moves
	7 Challenges of Trust Management in IoE
	8 Conclusion
	References
Continuous Dependability Assessment of Microservice Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Domain-based Metric and Scalability Assessment
	3 PPTAM Tool Overview
	4 Software Performance Anti-pattern Detection
	5 Conclusion
	References
8th International Workshop on Automotive System/Software Architectures (WASA)
Assessing Security of Internal Vehicle Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Study Design
		3.1 Artefact
		3.2 Evaluation of the Artefact
		3.3 Test Bed
		3.4 Use Cases
	4 Results
		4.1 CAN
		4.2 Ethernet
	5 Solution Proposals
	6 Impact on Architectural Design
	7 Conclusions
	References
Methodical Approach for Centralization Evaluation of Modern Automotive E/E Architectures
	1 Introduction
	2 Dominating E/E Architectures and Trends
		2.1 Domain-Oriented E/E Architectures
		2.2 Limitations and Challenges
		2.3 Cross-Domain- and Zone-Oriented E/E Architectures
		2.4 Limitations and Challenges
	3 Technical Approaches for Centralization
	4 Development of Methodical Approaches
		4.1 Methodical Approach for Function Abstraction
		4.2 Methodical Approach for Function Centralization
		4.3 Validation of Methodical Approach
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
5th Context-Aware, Autonomous and Smart Architectures International Workshop (CASA)
MockSAS: Facilitating the Evaluation of Bandit Algorithms in Self-adaptive Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Multi-armed Bandits
		2.2 Online Learning with MABs in Self-adaptive Systems
		2.3 Running Example: SWIM
	3 Approach
		3.1 MockSAS Process
		3.2 Application
	4 Evaluation
		4.1 Setup
		4.2 Results
	5 Conclusions and Further Work
	References
Towards Uncertainty Reduction Tactics for Behavior Adaptation
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Achievable Benefit of Uncertainty Reduction
		3.1 Preliminaries: A Markov Decision Process for Modeling Uncertainty Reduction
		3.2 Results and Interpretation
	4 Concept for Behavior Planning with Uncertainty Reduction
		4.1 Running Example
		4.2 Uncertain Environment Representation
		4.3 Admissibility of Actions and Tactics
		4.4 Suitability of Tactics
		4.5 Benefit of Tactics
	5 Evaluation
		5.1 Simulation Setup
		5.2 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Towards Characterization of Edge-Cloud Continuum
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Existing Views on Edge-Cloud Continuum
		3.1 Main Elements of the Edge-Cloud Continuum
		3.2 Workload Placement
		3.3 Artificial Intelligence in Edge-Cloud Continuum
	4 Common Properties
		4.1 Reference Example
	5 Open Questions
	6 Conclusion
	References
6th International Workshop on Formal Approaches for Advanced Computing Systems (FAACS)
Towards Online Testing Under Uncertainty Using Model-Based Reinforcement Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Markov Decision Processes and Rewards
		2.2 Bayesian Inference
		2.3 Reinforcement Learning
	3 A Running Example: The SafeHome System
	4 Envisioned Approach
	5 Preliminary Evaluation
	6 Related Work
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Maude Formalization of Object Nets
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 MAUDE Implementation of Eos
		3.1 EOS Specification
	4 An Example: The Production Line
		4.1 Analysis of the Maude Representation
	5 Summary and Outlook
	References
3rd Workshop on Systems, Architectures, and Solutions for Industry 4.0 (SASI4)
Developing an AI-Enabled IIoT Platform - Lessons Learned from Early Use Case Validation
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 IIoT Platform
	4 Demonstrator Use-Case Description
	5 Demonstrator Realization
	6 Lessons Learned
	7 Future Work and Conclusion
	References
DevOps in Robotics: Challenges and Practices
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 DevOps in Robotics and Cyber-Physical Systems
		2.2 Robotics Testing
		2.3 Performance Metrics
	3 DevOps Practices for Robotics
		3.1 DevOps Metrics
		3.2 Test Pipeline
		3.3 Scenario Coverage
	4 Autonomous Mobile Robots for Intralogistics
	5 Case Study
		5.1 DevOps Metrics
		5.2 Test Pipeline
		5.3 Scenario Coverage
	6 Preliminary Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Enabling IoT Connectivity and Interoperability by Using Automated Gateways
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
		2.1 Types of Gateways
		2.2 Open Issues and Challenges
	3 Related Work
	4 Design and Implementation of the Proposed Automatic Gateway
		4.1 Overall Architecture
		4.2 Protocol Conversion
		4.3 Device Management
		4.4 Middleware Abstraction
		4.5 Resource Management
		4.6 Traffic Optimization
	5 Experimental Results
	6 Comparison to Existing Frameworks
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
2nd International Workshop on Designing and Measuring Security in Software Architectures (DeMeSSA)
A Methodological Approach to Verify Architecture Resiliency
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Architectural Tactics
		2.2 Common Architectural Weaknesses
		2.3 Architecture Modeling and AADL
		2.4 Architecture Reasoning on AADL Using Resolute
	3 Architecture-Centric Verification Methodology
		3.1 Architecture Modeling
		3.2 Common Architectural Weakness Modeling and Specification
		3.3 Architectural Model Annotation
		3.4 Architecture Verification
	4 Case Example
	5 Related Work
	6 Conclusion
	References
Microservices Security: Bad vs. Good Practices
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Design
		2.1 Literature Selection
		2.2 Literature Analysis
	3 Bad vs. Good Practices for Microservices Security
		3.1 Trust the Network vs. Zero-Trust Principle
		3.2 No Layered Security Vs. Defense-in-Depth
		3.3 Non-proactive vs. Proactive Security Measures
		3.4 Non-scalable vs. Scalable Security Controls
	4 Threats to Validity
	5 Related Work
	6 Conclusions
	References
2nd International Workshop on Software Architecture and Machine Learning (SAML)
Multi-metric Approach for Decomposition of Microservice-Based Data Science Workflows
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Multi-metric Approach
		3.1 Atomar Unit, Modeling and Identification
		3.2 Implementation
		3.3 Runtime Evaluation Metrics
	4 Evaluation by Real-World Use Case
		4.1 Use Case and Data Science Workflow
		4.2 Cohesion Metric Results
		4.3 Runtime Evaluation and Experimental Setup
		4.4 Runtime Results
	5 Discussion and Architecture Recommendations
	6 Implications and Conclusion
	References
Introducing Estimators—Abstraction for Easy ML Employment in Self-adaptive Architectures
	1 Introduction
	2 Running Example and Background
		2.1 Modeling Self-adaptive Systems via Components and Ensembles
	3 Estimators
		3.1 Estimators in CEB Architectures
		3.2 Employing Estimators
		3.3 Mapping to Python
	4 Discussion and Evaluation
		4.1 Exemplar
		4.2 Implementation of ML-DEECo Runtime Framework
		4.3 Simulation of the Use-Case and Evaluation of Machine-Learning Potential
		4.4 Limitations and Threats to Validity
	5 Related Work
	6 Conclusion
	References
Generalization of Machine-Learning Adaptation in Ensemble-Based Self-adaptive Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Running Example
	3 ANN-Driven Ensembles
		3.1 Composition Algorithms
		3.2 ANN Post-processing
	4 Technical Details
		4.1 Data Transformation
		4.2 Neural Network Architecture
	5 Evaluation
		5.1 Aggregated Results
		5.2 Covering Various Configurations
		5.3 Detailed Evaluation of Individual Parts
		5.4 Composition Method Quality
	6 Related Work
	7 Conclusion
	References
Finding Reusable Machine Learning Components to Build Programming Language Processing Pipelines
	1 Introduction
	2 Selected Publications
	3 Taxonomies
		3.1 PLP Tasks
		3.2 Model Architectures
		3.3 Tokenization Tools
	4 PLP Pipelines
		4.1 Pretraining Pipelines
		4.2 Pipeline Specialization
	5 Related Work
	6 Conclusion
	References
9th Workshop on Software Architecture Erosion and Architectural Consistency (SAEroCon)
Optimized Machine Learning Input for Evolutionary Source Code to Architecture Mapping
	1 Introduction
	2 Automated Mapping and Critera for Mapping
	3 Method
	4 Results and Statistical Analysis
	5 Related Work
	6 Discussion and Validity
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
2nd International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories for Software Architecture (MSR4SA)
A Taxonomy for Design Decisions in Software Architecture Documentation
	1 Introduction
	2 Foundations and Related Work
		2.1 Foundations for Taxonomy Building
		2.2 Classification Schemata for Design Decisions
		2.3 Automatic Analysis of Design Decisions
	3 Research Design
	4 Taxonomy of Design Decisions
	5 Evaluation
		5.1 Evaluating the Purpose
		5.2 Evaluating the Structure
		5.3 Evaluating the Application
	6 Exploratory Automated Application
	7 Threats to Validity
	8 Conclusion
	References
Establishing a Benchmark Dataset for Traceability Link Recovery Between Software Architecture Documentation and Models
	1 Introduction
	2 Creating a Benchmark Dataset
	3 A Benchmark Dataset for TLR Between SAD and SAM
		3.1 Software Architecture Documentations
		3.2 Software Architectural Models
		3.3 Gold Standard
		3.4 Simple Tracelink Discovery (STD)
	4 Discussion
	References
1st International Workshop on Digital Twin Architecture (TwinArch)
Engineering of Trust Analysis-Driven Digital Twins for a Medical Device
	1 Introduction
	2 Running Example: MVM Case Study
	3 Our View of a Digital Twin
		3.1 DT Runtime Models
		3.2 DT Engineering Technology
		3.3 Trust Assurance
	4 DT Runtime Models
	5 DT Trust Analysis
	6 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Using I4.0 Digital Twins in Agriculture
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Related Work
	4 Using I4.0 DTs in the Agricultural Domain
		4.1 Architecture Drivers
		4.2 Solution Concept
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Author Index