Soft Materials: Structure and Dynamics

dk1168fm.pdf......Page 1
SOFT MATERIALS: Structure and Dynamics......Page 2
Preface......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 11
Table of Contents......Page 0
A. The Glass Transition......Page 12
B. Motion of Polymer Molecules on Different Length Scales in Bulk Samples......Page 15
C. Effects of Confinement on Motion of Polymer Molecules......Page 17
II. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES......Page 18
1. Supported Films......Page 19
2. Freely Standing Films......Page 23
B. Whole-Chain Motion in Thin Polymer Films......Page 27
1. Diffusion in Thin Polymer Films......Page 28
2. Dewetting and Hole Growth......Page 29
1. Scanning Probe Microscopy......Page 32
2. Relaxation of a Perturbed Free Surface......Page 33
3. Embedding of Small Particles in a Free Surface......Page 34
A. Computer Simulations of Confined Polymer Molecules......Page 35
B. Theories for Enhanced Mobility in Thin Films......Page 37
A. Mobility on Different Length Scales......Page 39
B. Length Scale for Changes in Mobility......Page 40
C. Nonequilibrium Nature of Thin Polymer Films......Page 42
V. SUMMARY......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 44
I. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION......Page 49
II. CRYSTALLINITY AND GROWTH RATES OF POLYMER THIN AND ULTRATHIN FILMS......Page 51
III. MORPHOLOGY OF POLYMER THIN AND ULTRATHIN FILMS......Page 58
IV. THIN FILMS AS A TOOL FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF POLYMERS......Page 66
V. CRYSTALLIZATION OF MISCIBLE PCL/PVC BLENDS......Page 70
VI. CONFINED POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION IN BLOCK COPOLYMER FILMS......Page 75
VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 78
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 82
A. Static Properties of Polymer Chains......Page 83
B. Dynamics of Polymer Chains......Page 85
C. Real Chains and Real Solvents......Page 86
A. Stretching an Ideal FJC: The Stress Ensemble......Page 87
C. Stretching a Real Chain: Scaling Arguments......Page 89
D. Wormlike Chains......Page 90
III. POLYMER STRETCHING OVER POTENTIAL BARRIERS......Page 92
IV. POLYMER–OBSTACLE COLLISIONS......Page 97
A. Mechanical Forces......Page 98
B. Fluid-Induced Polymer Motion......Page 102
C. Polymer–Polymer Collisions......Page 103
V. TETHERED POLYMER CHAINS AND STRONG SHEAR FLOWS......Page 104
A. Fluctuations of a Tethered Polymer in Shear Flow......Page 106
B. Extensions of a Tethered Polymer in Shear Flow......Page 107
VI. POLYMER STRETCHING DURING ELECTROPHORESIS......Page 109
VII. CONCLUSION......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 112
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 115
II. SIMULATION......Page 116
A. Local Structure......Page 117
B. Local and Bulk Dynamics......Page 120
A. Role of Interactions on Particle Clustering......Page 123
B. Relating Material Structure and Properties......Page 126
C. Physical Mechanism Controlling Clustering......Page 127
V. CONCLUSION......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 131
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 133
II. BACKGROUND......Page 134
A. Nucleation......Page 138
B. Crystal Growth......Page 140
C. Alkane Crystals......Page 142
A. Nucleation Promoters......Page 143
B. Kinetic Inhibitors......Page 144
C. Control of Growth Shape......Page 148
D. Examples of Crystallization Inhibition......Page 150
V. STUDIES OF n-ALKANE INHIBITORS......Page 151
A. Standard Tests......Page 152
C. Studies of the n-Alkane Crystals......Page 153
D. Nucleation Studies......Page 154
G. Effects of the n-Alkane Mass Distribution......Page 156
VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 163
II. X-RAY CONFINEMENT CELLS......Page 165
III. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS......Page 169
IV. COMPETITION BETWEEN SHEAR AND CONFINEMENT......Page 171
V. SHEAR-INDUCED ORIENTATION......Page 174
VI. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONFINING SURFACES......Page 175
VII. TIME-DEPENDENT STRUCTURAL EFFECTS......Page 178
REFERENCES......Page 183
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 186
II. RHEOLOGY OF DILUTE DISPERSIONS......Page 187
A. Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Dilute Dispersions......Page 190
III. RHEOLOGY OF CONCENTRATED DISPERSIONS......Page 191
A. New Viscosity Models for Concentrated Dispersions......Page 192
B. New Linear Viscoelastic Models for Concentrated Dispersions......Page 194
A. Model Predictions......Page 196
B. Comparison with Experimental Data......Page 200
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 204
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 207
II. PROTEIN INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURES AND UNFOLDING EXPERIMENTS......Page 210
III. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF STRETCHING A PROTEIN......Page 212
IV. MOLECULAR DYNAMICS METHOD......Page 214
V. Beta-BARREL MODEL IN AN ELONGATIONAL FLOW......Page 217
VI. Beta-BARREL MODEL IN A UNIFORM FLOW......Page 219
VII. UNIFORM FLOW AND THE FORCE–EXTENSION CURVE......Page 223
VIII. THERMAL HEATING AND FLOW STRETCHING SIMULATIONS......Page 226
IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 233
II. RECOMBINANT PEPSINOGEN AND INCLUSION BODIES......Page 234
III. RATIONALE OF PROSEGMENT RESEARCH......Page 238
IV. RATIONALE OF FLAP LOOP REGION......Page 241
V. STABILITY OF THE PROTEIN......Page 246
VI. CHARGE DISTRIBUTION......Page 248
VII. N-TERMINUS......Page 249
VIII. DISULFIDE LINKAGE......Page 257
IX. POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION......Page 258
X. EXAMINATION OF NONMAMMALIAN AP: PLANT......Page 262
XI. RATIONALE FOR RATIONAL REDESIGN RESEARCH......Page 264
REFERENCES......Page 268
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 271
III. DISSIPATIVE PARTICLE DYNAMICS......Page 273
IV. VELOCITY–VERLET ALGORITHM......Page 275
V. FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS OF DPDs......Page 276
VI. AN EXAMPLE. A LARGE SPHERICAL BEAD MOVING UNDER A CONSTANT APPLIED FORCE THROUGH AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF LINEAR, SEMIFLEXIBLE POLYMERS......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 282
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 285
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES USED IN THE STUDY OF SHEAR EFFECTS......Page 287
III. CRYSTALLINE ORIENTATION......Page 289
IV. PHASE BEHAVIOR UNDER SHEAR......Page 298
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 302
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 304
II. STRUCTURE OF FROZEN SYSTEMS......Page 305
1. Nucleation, Growth, and Ice Crystal Size Distributions......Page 306
2. Effect of Solutes, Freeze Concentration, and Ice-Phase Volume......Page 308
B. Glass Transition of the Unfrozen Phase......Page 311
2. Meat and Myosystems......Page 315
3. Solutions, Macromolecular Dispersions, and Gels......Page 316
A. Shelf Life......Page 317
B. Moisture Migration......Page 318
C. Ice Recrystallization......Page 319
IV. CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 322
A. Classification......Page 326
B. Regular Cellular Structures......Page 327
C. The Softness of Cellular Solids......Page 328
A. Biochemical Self Assembly......Page 329
1. Nucleation......Page 330
2. Growth of Nuclei into Gas Cells......Page 331
A. Defining Structure......Page 332
B. Measuring Structure......Page 333
B. Optical Properties......Page 336
C. Mechanical Properties......Page 337
2. Cell Wall Dimensions......Page 339
4. Anisotropy......Page 342
5. Fluid Effects......Page 343
1. Transport of Molecules......Page 344
2. Thermal Transport......Page 345
3. Electrical Properties......Page 347
4. Acoustic Permeability......Page 348
V. FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 350
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 351
REFERENCES......Page 352
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 355
A. Diffusion......Page 356
B. Hydrodynamics......Page 358
C. Binding and Unbinding......Page 359
D. Reorganization......Page 362
E. Deformation and Sintering......Page 363
F. External Forcing......Page 364
A. The Flory–Stockmayer Model......Page 366
B. Percolation Theory......Page 368
C. Smoluchowski Theory......Page 370
D. Fractal Aggregation Models......Page 371
E. Discussion......Page 375
IV. NUMERICAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUES......Page 376
B. Brownian Dynamics Technique......Page 377
C. Stokesian Dynamics......Page 378
E. Dissipative Particle Dynamics......Page 379
V. RESULTS OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES......Page 380
REFERENCES......Page 387