Sociology: A Global Perspective

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
1. The Sociological Imagination......Page 26
U.S. Marriage Statistics......Page 28
Society and Social Interaction......Page 29
The Sociological Consciousness......Page 30
The Power of Social Facts: Facial and Body Hair on Women......Page 31
Distinguishing Troubles from Issues......Page 32
The Sociological Imagination......Page 37
The Nature of Work......Page 38
Karl Marx (1818–1883)......Page 39
Emile Durkheim (1858–1918)......Page 41
Max Weber (1864–1920)......Page 42
Countries with the Highest and Lowest Suicide Rates (per 100,000)......Page 43
Harriet Martineau (1802–1876)......Page 45
W. E. B. DuBois (1868–1963)......Page 46
The Importance of a Global Perspective......Page 47
Why Study Sociology?......Page 49
This Book's Structure......Page 51
Resources on the Internet......Page 52
2. Theoretical Perspectives and Methods of Social Research With Emphasis on Mexico......Page 54
The Functionalist Perspective......Page 57
Merton's Concepts......Page 59
The Functionalist Perspective on U.S. Manufacturing Operations in Mexico......Page 60
U.S. in Perspective Frequently Asked Questions About Colonias in the United States......Page 63
The Conflict Perspective......Page 66
Global Implications Hourly Wage Estimate for Apparel Workers in the United States and Selected Countries......Page 67
The Conflict Perspective on U.S. Manufacturing Operations in Mexico......Page 69
Student Voices U.S. Jobs Move to Mexico......Page 71
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective......Page 72
Critique of Symbolic Interaction......Page 73
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on U.S. Manufacturing Operations in Mexico......Page 74
Step 1: Defining the Topic for Investigation......Page 75
Step 4: Choosing a Research Design and Data-Gathering Strategies......Page 76
Sample Questions from the General Electric Plant Closing Survey......Page 78
U.S. in Perspective Salary Comparisons: India versus the United States for Selected Occupations......Page 81
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Investing in Employees Yields Profits......Page 83
Steps 5 and 6: Analyzing the Data and Drawing Conclusions......Page 85
Summary & Implications......Page 88
Resources on the Internet......Page 90
3. Culture With Emphasis on North and South Korea......Page 92
Two American Lives......Page 96
The Challenge of Defining Culture......Page 97
Material and Nonmaterial Components......Page 98
Values......Page 99
Norms......Page 100
U.S. in Perspective Group Study, Cheating, and the Korean Foreign Student Experience......Page 101
The Transmission of Culture......Page 104
The Role of Language......Page 105
U.S. in Perspective Oil Consumption in Three Countries......Page 107
The Importance of Individual Experiences......Page 108
Global Implications Top 20 Lands with Most Jehovah's Witnesses (Publishers), 1998......Page 109
Cultural Formulas for Hunger......Page 110
Cultural Formulas for Social Emotions......Page 111
Cultural Diffusion......Page 113
The Home Culture as the Standard......Page 115
Student Voices Adjusting to Life in the United States......Page 116
Ethnocentrism......Page 119
Forced Culture Change of Native Americans by Bureau of Indian Affairs Schools......Page 120
Cultural Relativism......Page 122
Subcultures......Page 123
U.S. in Perspective Military Size and Spending in the United States and the Koreas......Page 124
Summary & Implications......Page 125
Resources on the Internet......Page 126
4. Socialization With Emphasis on Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza......Page 128
Coming to Terms: The Palestinians and the Israelis......Page 131
Global Implications A Web of Interconnections......Page 135
U.S. in Perspective Palestinian Migration Out of Palestine......Page 136
Nature and Nurture......Page 137
Cases of Extreme Isolation......Page 138
Children of the Holocaust......Page 139
Cases of Less Extreme Isolation......Page 140
Individual and Collective Memory......Page 141
The Role of Groups......Page 142
Primary Groups......Page 143
Ingroups and Outgroups......Page 144
Suicide: The Severing of Relationships to the Group......Page 146
Student Voices Motives to Display or Not Display the U.S. Flag After September 11, 2001......Page 148
The Emergence of Self-Awareness......Page 149
Role Taking......Page 150
The Looking-Glass Self......Page 152
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Learning to Invest in the Community......Page 153
Cognitive Development......Page 155
Resocialization......Page 157
Summary & Implications......Page 158
Resources on the Internet......Page 160
5. Social Interaction and the Social Construction of Reality With Emphasis on the Democratic Republic of the Congo......Page 162
The Context of Social Interaction......Page 165
Intimate Interactions and HIV/AIDS......Page 166
Mechanical Solidarity......Page 167
Global Implications Roots of Global Interdependence......Page 168
Organic Solidarity......Page 169
Belgian Imperialism (1883–1960)......Page 171
Independence of Zaire (1960–Present)......Page 172
Division of Labor Disruptions and HIV/AIDS......Page 173
Social Roles......Page 176
The Connection Between Social Status and Roles......Page 178
The Dramaturgical Model of Social Interaction......Page 179
Impression Management......Page 180
Examples of Screening Questions Asked of Potential Blood Donors......Page 181
Staging Behavior......Page 182
Student Voices Front-Stage Versus Back-Stage Behavior......Page 183
The Blood Services Industry......Page 184
U.S. in Perspective Imports and Exports of Blood and Blood Products......Page 185
Attribution Theory......Page 186
Attribution Theory and the Origins of HIV......Page 187
Determining Who Is HIV-Infected......Page 189
Research Decisions About Labeling and Categorizing HIV Risk......Page 190
Television: A Special Case of Reality Construction......Page 191
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Uganda, a Success Story in Addressing HIV and AIDS......Page 192
The Case of Dr. Margrethe Rask......Page 195
Summary & Implications......Page 196
Resources on the Internet......Page 198
6. Social Organizations With Emphasis on McDonald's, a U.S.-Based Multinational Corporation with Operations in 119 Countries......Page 200
U.S. in Perspective McDonald's: Profile of a Multinational Corporation Headquartered in the United States......Page 202
Organizations......Page 204
The Multinational Corporation: Agent of Colonialism or Progress?......Page 205
How Did McDonald's Become a Global Corporation?......Page 207
Global Implications The Top 10 Global Corporations and Their Size Relative to the Economies of the World......Page 210
Rationalization as a Tool in Modern Organizations......Page 211
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Margie Eugene Richard Takes on Shell Chemical......Page 212
Poultry Products and the Consumer......Page 216
The McDonaldization of Society......Page 217
The Concept of Bureaucracy......Page 218
Formal Versus Informal Dimensions of Organizations......Page 219
Trained Incapacity......Page 220
Statistical Records of Performance......Page 221
Student Voices Statistical Measures of Performance......Page 222
Expert Knowledge and Responsibility......Page 223
The Problems with Oligarchy......Page 224
Alienation of Rank-and-File Workers......Page 225
Summary & Implications......Page 226
Resources on the Internet......Page 228
7. Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control With Emphasis on the People's Republic of China......Page 230
Definitions of Deviance During the Cultural Revolution......Page 234
Deviance: The Violation of Norms......Page 236
U.S./China Trade Deficit, Selected Years......Page 237
The Communist Party in China......Page 238
Preschool Socialization as a Means of Social Control......Page 239
Reaction of Socialization of Another Culture......Page 240
Mechanisms of Social Control......Page 241
Global Implications Sentenced Prisoners in the United States and Selected Nations......Page 243
The Loosening of Social Control in China......Page 244
Defining Deviance......Page 245
Labeling Theory......Page 246
The Circumstances of the Falsely Accused......Page 247
Student Voices On Being Falsely Accused or Self-Labeled as a Secret Deviant......Page 249
Rule Makers and Rule Enforcers......Page 250
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Changing the Fate of the Falsely Accused on Death Row......Page 251
Obedience to Authority......Page 252
The Constructionist Approach......Page 253
Claims Makers......Page 254
U.S. Human Rights Record in 2003—China as Claims Maker......Page 255
Structural Strain in the United States......Page 260
Structural Strain in China......Page 262
U.S. Human Rights Report: Population Control Strategies in China......Page 263
Differential Association Theory......Page 265
Factors That Shape U.S. and Chinese Systems of Social Control......Page 267
The Problems of Governing More Than 1.3 Billion People......Page 268
Summary & Implications......Page 269
Resources on the Internet......Page 270
8. Social Stratification With Emphasis on the World's Richest and Poorest Peoples......Page 272
Place and Social Stratification......Page 276
Global Implications Number of Deaths in the First Year of Life per 1,000 Live Births by Race and Ethnic Category......Page 277
Social Categories......Page 278
"Open" and "Closed" Stratification Systems......Page 280
Class Systems......Page 281
Does the United States Have a Class System?......Page 283
Mixed Systems: Class and Caste......Page 285
A Functionalist View of Stratification......Page 286
Critique of the Functionalist Perspective......Page 287
The Functions of Poverty......Page 290
Colonialism and Neocolonialism......Page 291
World System Theory......Page 293
Core Economies......Page 294
Semiperipheral Economies......Page 295
Karl Marx and Social Class......Page 296
Student Voices Situations Where Differences in Social Class Seem Evident......Page 297
Karl Marx: Contemporary Applications......Page 298
Max Weber and Social Class......Page 299
Max Weber: Contemporary Applications......Page 300
Summary & Implications......Page 302
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Responsible Wealth......Page 303
Resources on the Internet......Page 306
9. Race and Ethnic Classification With Emphasis on the Peopling of the United States (A Global Story)......Page 308
The Shortcomings of Assigning People to Clear-Cut Racial Categories......Page 311
Potential Single and Multiple Race Categories for the 2000 Census......Page 312
The U.S. System of Ethnic Classification......Page 313
Ethnicity as a Product of Chance, Context, and Choice......Page 315
Are People of Arab and Middle Eastern Descent "White"?......Page 318
The Foreign-Born Population......Page 319
Highlights from the U.S. Bureau of the Census 2000 Brief: The Arab Population......Page 320
The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Immigration Policy......Page 321
U.S. in Perspective Foreign-Born by Region of Birth, 2000......Page 322
The Long-Standing Debate Over Immigration......Page 323
Minority Groups......Page 324
Perspectives on Assimilation......Page 325
Racist Ideologies......Page 328
Prejudice and Stereotyping......Page 330
White Men Can Jump......Page 332
Discrimination......Page 334
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs The Underground Railroad in American History and Culture......Page 337
Institutionalized Discrimination......Page 340
Social Identity and Stigma......Page 341
Cases of Institutionalized Discrimination Handled by the U.S. Department of Justice......Page 342
Student Voices When Does Race Matter?......Page 345
Responses to Stigmatization......Page 347
Summary & Implications......Page 348
Resources on the Internet......Page 350
10. Gender With Emphasis on American Samoa......Page 352
Sex as a Biological Concept......Page 355
Margaret Mead in American Samoa......Page 356
Gender as a Social Construct......Page 357
Gender Polarization......Page 359
Student Voices Penalties and Privileges Associated with Being Male and Female......Page 360
Social Emotions and the Mead–Freeman Controversy......Page 362
Student Voices Feeling Rules and Same-Sex Friends......Page 363
Compliance and Resistance to Gender Polarization......Page 364
Compliance and Resistance to Gender Polarization......Page 365
A Third Gender?......Page 367
Global Implications Hand-holding as an Expression of Affection (Not Homosexuality) Between Same-Sex Friends......Page 368
Socialization......Page 369
Socialization of American Samoan Boys to Be Football Players......Page 371
Commercialization of Gender Ideals......Page 372
Creating "New Products" That Consumers Need to Buy......Page 373
Situational Constraints on Mead and Freeman......Page 376
Sexist Ideology......Page 378
Gender Polarization and Body Language......Page 379
Gender, Ethnicity, Race, and the State......Page 381
Ideology Supporting Department of Defense's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Policy......Page 382
U.S. in Perspective Disabled Male Veterans......Page 384
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Making Loans to the World's Poorest Women......Page 385
Summary & Implications......Page 387
Resources on the Internet......Page 388
11. Economics and Politics With Emphasis on Iraq......Page 390
Agricultural Revolutions......Page 393
The Post-industrial Society and the Information Revolution......Page 395
Major Economic Systems......Page 396
Socialism......Page 397
Core Economies......Page 398
Student Voices Proposed Personal Efforts to Reduce Reliance on Oil......Page 399
Semiperipheral Economies......Page 400
An Oil-Revenue-Dependent Economy......Page 401
Crude Oil Prices in 2003 Dollars......Page 402
A Strong Tertiary Sector......Page 403
Dominance of U.S.-Headquartered Global Corporations in the World Economy......Page 404
U.S. in Perspective Imports from the United States to Countries Around the World......Page 405
Decline in Union Membership......Page 406
An Oil- and Mineral-Dependent Economy......Page 407
Government and Consumer Debt......Page 408
Political Systems and Power......Page 409
Democracy......Page 411
Totalitarianism......Page 412
Authoritarianism......Page 413
Theocracy......Page 414
Power Elite Model......Page 415
Jubilee: A Special-Interest Group Dedicated to Supporting Economic Justice Campaigns Worldwide......Page 420
Pluralist Model......Page 421
Is the United States an Imperialist Power?......Page 422
Summary & Implications......Page 424
Resources on the Internet......Page 426
12. Family and Aging With Emphasis on Japan......Page 428
Kinship......Page 431
Legal Recognition......Page 432
Social Functions......Page 433
Conflict View of Family Life......Page 436
Productive and Reproductive Work......Page 437
Social Inequality Within the Society......Page 439
Racial Divisions and Boundaries......Page 440
The Changing Family in the United States......Page 441
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Dismantling a Big Lie......Page 442
Declines in Total Fertility......Page 444
Increased Employment Opportunities for Women......Page 445
Student Voices Responses to the Conflicts Between Careers and Family......Page 446
The Changing Family in Japan......Page 447
The Fall of the ie Family System and the Rise of the Breadwinner System......Page 449
The Rise of the "Parasite Single" and the "New Single Concept"......Page 451
Economic Arrangements and Their Effect on Productive and Reproductive Labor......Page 452
U.S. in Perspective Women in Managerial Positions and National-Level Elected Offices......Page 453
U.S. in Perspective Going Back to Japan After Living Three Years in the United States......Page 454
Status of Children......Page 458
The Economic Role of Children in Labor-Intensive Environments......Page 459
The Consequences of Long Life......Page 460
The Elderly and Their Caregivers in the United States......Page 462
The Elderly and Their Caregivers in Japan......Page 463
Summary & Implications......Page 464
Resources on the Internet......Page 466
13. Population and Urbanization With Emphasis on India......Page 468
Births......Page 471
Deaths......Page 472
Age–Sex Composition......Page 473
U.S. in Perspective Population Pyramid Summary for India and the United States......Page 474
Migration......Page 475
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs International Remittances......Page 478
Population Growth......Page 479
Percentage of Persons Born in Their State of Residence, 2000......Page 481
The Theory of Demographic Transition......Page 482
Stage 1: High Birth and Death Rates......Page 483
Stage 2: The Transition Stage......Page 484
Stage 3: Low Death Rates and Declining Birth Rates......Page 485
Industrialization: An Uneven Experience......Page 486
Relative Birth and Death Rates......Page 487
U.S. in Perspective Demographic Differences Between Labor-Intensive Poor Countries and Core Economies......Page 488
Urbanization in India......Page 491
The Village Community in India......Page 492
The Urban Versus Non-urban Experience in the United States......Page 493
Bhopal......Page 494
Housing Characteristics for Central Cities, Suburbs, and Nonmetropolitan Areas......Page 495
Summary & Implications......Page 496
Global Implications Annual Estimate of Births, Deaths, and Natural Increase for the World, India, and the United States......Page 497
Resources on the Internet......Page 498
14. Education With Emphasis on the European Union......Page 500
Social Functions of Education......Page 504
Illiteracy in the United States and EU Countries......Page 505
Global Implications Top 20 Countries Sending Students to the United States and Top 25 Destinations for U.S. Students Who Study Abroad......Page 506
Historical Factors Shaping the U.S. System of Public Education......Page 507
Textbooks Modeled After Catechisms......Page 508
Single-Language Instruction......Page 509
The Availability of College......Page 510
Compulsory Foreign Language Education......Page 511
Differences in Funding......Page 513
Education-Based Programs to Solve Social Problems......Page 514
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Universities Learn the Value of Neighborliness......Page 515
Ambiguity of Purpose and Value......Page 516
The Curriculum......Page 517
Tracking......Page 520
Student Voices The Relevance of Jules Henry 40 Years Later......Page 521
U.S. in Perspective The Content of Math Lessons: Germany, the United States, and Japan......Page 522
Teachers' Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies......Page 524
An American English-Language Assistant in a French Vocational School......Page 525
Problems Faced by Teachers......Page 527
The Social Context of American Education......Page 528
Family Background......Page 529
Adolescent Subcultures......Page 531
Literacy Scores by Highest Educational Level of Either Parent: Selected EU Countries......Page 532
Interviews with EU Students Studying in the United States......Page 534
Summary & Implications......Page 537
Students' Multiple Worlds Model and Typology......Page 538
Resources on the Internet......Page 540
15. Religion With Emphasis on the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan......Page 542
What Is Religion? Weber's and Durkheim's Views......Page 545
Beliefs About the Profane......Page 547
Sacramental, Prophetic, and Mystical Religions......Page 548
Rituals......Page 549
Community of Worshipers......Page 550
Global Implications The World's Major Non- Christian Religions......Page 14
Civil Religion......Page 555
The Cold War......Page 556
Americans and Muslims as Cold War Partners......Page 557
Gulf War I......Page 558
The Functionalist Perspective......Page 560
U.S. in Perspective Freedom of Religious Expression in U.S. Prisons......Page 561
Society as the Object of Worship......Page 563
A Critique of the Functionalist Perspective of Religion......Page 564
Student Voices Portraits of Jesus......Page 565
The Conflict Perspective......Page 566
A Critique of the Conflict Perspective of Religion......Page 567
Max Weber: The Interplay Between Economics and Religion......Page 568
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Faith-Based and Community Initiatives......Page 569
Secularization......Page 572
Fundamentalism......Page 573
Summary & Implications......Page 575
9/11 Commission Recommendations to Prevent Continued Growth of Islamist Terrorism......Page 576
Resources on the Internet......Page 580
16. Social Change With Emphasis on Global Interdependence......Page 582
What Is Social Change?......Page 585
Student Voices Examples of Global Interdependence and Its Effects......Page 586
Innovations......Page 587
Global Interdependence: Essential Features......Page 588
Basic and Improving Innovations......Page 589
Innovations and the Information Explosion......Page 590
Changes in the Ways People Relate to Information......Page 592
Cultural Lag......Page 594
Revolutionary Ideas......Page 595
Conflict......Page 596
The Cold War Origin of the Internet......Page 597
The Pursuit of Profit......Page 598
Focus on Social Entrepreneurs Change Agents......Page 599
Responses to Economic Stagnation......Page 601
Types of Social Movements......Page 603
The Life of a Social Movement......Page 605
Summary & Implications......Page 608
Resources on the Internet......Page 610
Key Concepts......Page 611
Notes......Page 624
References......Page 633
Photo Credits......Page 662
Index......Page 663