Sociology of Deviant Behavior, 13th Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 6
1 The Nature and Meaning of Deviance......Page 20
Normative and Reactivist Definitions......Page 23
Alternative Definitions......Page 25
Norms......Page 27
Differentiation and Deviance......Page 29
Subcultures......Page 31
The Relativity of Deviance......Page 34
Creating Deviance......Page 36
Determining Norms and the Content of Deviance......Page 38
Two Final Observations......Page 39
Summary......Page 40
Internet Resources......Page 41
2 Deviant Events and Social Control......Page 42
Deviant Roles......Page 43
Deviant Places......Page 44
The Deviant Act Over Time......Page 45
Deviant Acts and Victims......Page 46
Processes of Social Control......Page 47
Informal Social Controls......Page 49
Formal Social Controls......Page 50
Law as an Example of Formal Control......Page 52
What Kinds of Problems Can the Law Solve?......Page 54
Legal Sanctions......Page 56
The Irony of Social Control......Page 57
Summary......Page 59
Internet Resources......Page 60
3 Becoming Deviant......Page 61
Socialization and Social Roles......Page 62
Socialization as Role Taking......Page 64
Deviant Role Taking......Page 65
Seeing the Deviant’s Perspective......Page 68
Understanding Deviant Worlds......Page 69
Managing Deviance......Page 71
Individualistic Theories of Deviance......Page 74
Biological Explanations for Deviance......Page 75
Psychiatric Model of Deviance......Page 78
Psychoanalytic Explanation of Deviance......Page 79
Evaluating the Psychiatric and Psychoanalytic Perspectives......Page 80
Psychological Explanations of Deviance......Page 81
Rational Choice Theories......Page 84
Summary......Page 86
Internet Resources......Page 88
4 Structural Perspectives on Deviance: Anomie and Conflict Theories......Page 89
Anomie Theory......Page 90
Adapting to Strain......Page 91
Extensions of the Anomie Perspective......Page 92
Evaluating Anomie Theory......Page 93
Conflict Theories......Page 95
Deviance and Marxism......Page 96
Other Conflict Theorists......Page 97
Social Threat......Page 98
Left Realism......Page 99
Evaluating the Conflict Model......Page 100
Summary......Page 102
Internet Resources......Page 103
Labeling Theory......Page 104
Deviance as Reaction......Page 105
Labels That Create Types of Deviants......Page 106
The Power to Label......Page 107
Evaluating Labeling Theory......Page 108
Control Theory......Page 111
Assumptions and Structure of Control Theory......Page 113
Crime and Low Self-Control......Page 114
Evaluating Control Theory......Page 115
Crime and Low Self-Control......Page 8
Sutherland’s Theory of Differential Association......Page 118
Evaluating Learning Theory......Page 120
Summary......Page 123
Internet Resources......Page 124
6 Crimes of Interpersonal Violence......Page 125
Types of Crimes......Page 126
Types of Criminals......Page 127
Frequency of Assault and Homicide......Page 129
Group Variations in Homicide......Page 131
Interaction Between Offender and Victim......Page 134
Understanding and Explaining Violence......Page 135
The Development of Dangerous Violent Offenders......Page 138
Child Abuse......Page 139
Intimate Partner Violence......Page 144
Elder Abuse......Page 147
Patterns of Forcible Rape......Page 148
Date Rape......Page 150
Male and Prison Rape......Page 151
The Political Context of Rape......Page 152
Rape Reporting......Page 153
Legal Reforms for Rape Cases......Page 154
Theories of Rape......Page 155
Reactions to Murder......Page 157
Reactions to Rape......Page 158
Summary......Page 159
Internet Resources......Page 160
7 Nonviolent Crime......Page 161
Occasional Property Offenders......Page 162
Check Forgeries......Page 163
Shoplifting and Employee Theft......Page 164
Vandalism......Page 165
Conventional Criminal Careers......Page 166
Self-Conception of Conventional Offenders......Page 168
Society’s Reaction to Conventional Offenders......Page 169
Crimes Against Governments......Page 170
Crimes by Governments......Page 172
Societal Reaction to Political Offenders......Page 173
Organized Crime and Criminals......Page 174
Organized Criminal Activities......Page 176
Societal Reaction to Organized Crime......Page 179
Professional Offenders......Page 180
Skill......Page 181
Criminal Associations......Page 182
Societal Reaction to Professional Crime......Page 183
Summary......Page 184
Internet Resources......Page 185
8 White-Collar and Corporate Crime......Page 186
The Example of Computer Crime......Page 188
A Brief History......Page 189
Defining White-Collar Crime......Page 191
Initial Definitions......Page 192
White-Collar Crime and Criminal Events......Page 193
Corporate Criminal Behavior......Page 197
The Turbulent Twenty-First Century......Page 198
Nature and Types of Corporate Violations......Page 200
Professional White-Collar Crime and Deviance......Page 207
Planning......Page 209
Criminal Careers of White-Collar Offenders......Page 210
Explaining White-Collar Crime......Page 211
Financial Harm......Page 213
Physical Harm......Page 214
Social Costs or Damage to the Moral Climate......Page 215
Explaining Corporate Criminal Behavior......Page 216
Public Education......Page 218
Legislative Reforms......Page 219
The Use of Publicity......Page 220
Summary......Page 221
Internet Resources......Page 222
9 Drug Use and Addiction......Page 223
Drug Taking as Deviance......Page 225
Social Attitudes about Drugs......Page 227
Public Policy and the War on Drugs......Page 230
Legal Drug Use......Page 231
Types of Illegal Drugs......Page 234
Extent of Marijuana Use......Page 238
Using Marijuana and Group Support......Page 239
Marijuana and Heroin......Page 240
The Meaning of Addiction......Page 241
Patterns of Heroin Use......Page 243
Who Uses Heroin?......Page 244
Becoming an Opiate Addict......Page 246
The Process of Addiction......Page 247
Theories of Addiction......Page 249
The Addict Subculture......Page 250
The Cocaine Highway......Page 252
Extent of Cocaine Use......Page 254
Methods of Use......Page 255
Consequences of Use......Page 257
Applying Criminal Sanctions......Page 258
Treatment......Page 262
Addict Self-Help Programs......Page 267
Media Messages......Page 269
Summary......Page 270
Internet Resources......Page 272
10 Drunkenness and Alcoholism......Page 273
Physiological and Behavioral Aspects of Alcohol......Page 274
Other Health-Related Effects......Page 275
Prevalence of Drinking in the United States......Page 276
Types of Drinkers......Page 277
Drinking as a Social and Group Activity......Page 280
Variations in Drinking Behavior......Page 281
Public Drinking Houses......Page 283
Ethnic Differences in Excessive Drinking......Page 285
The Extent of Alcoholism and Problem Drinking......Page 290
The Costs of Alcoholism......Page 291
Alcohol-Related Crime......Page 292
Drunk Driving......Page 293
Group and Subcultural Influences on Excessive Drinking......Page 295
Gender Differences in Excessive Drinking......Page 296
Drinking among the Homeless and on Skid Row......Page 298
Occupation and Excessive Drinking......Page 299
Religious Differences in Excessive Drinking......Page 300
Strategies of Social Control......Page 301
Models of Alcoholism......Page 303
Community-Based Treatment Programs......Page 306
Alcoholics Anonymous......Page 308
The Continuing Controversy: Can ‘‘Recovering’’ Alcoholics Ever Return to Drinking?......Page 310
Summary......Page 312
Internet Resources......Page 314
11 Heterosexual Deviance......Page 315
Sexual Norms......Page 316
Deviating From Sexual Norms......Page 317
Social Change and Sexual Behavior......Page 318
Selected Forms of Heterosexual Deviance......Page 321
Extramarital Sex (Adultery)......Page 322
Sex and the Computer......Page 324
Sex Work and Prostitution......Page 326
Nature and Extent......Page 328
International Dimensions of Sex Work......Page 330
Types of Prostitutes......Page 332
Prostitution and Deviant Street Networks......Page 334
Becoming a Prostitute......Page 335
Prostitution as a Career......Page 338
Self-Concept......Page 339
Prostitution and AIDS......Page 341
Prostitution and Social Control......Page 342
Pornography......Page 344
Social Regulation of Pornography......Page 346
Pornography in Everyday Life......Page 348
The Effects of Pornography......Page 350
Summary......Page 353
Internet Resources......Page 354
12 Suicide......Page 355
Suicidal Behavior......Page 356
Historical Background......Page 357
Public Attitudes Toward Suicide......Page 359
Extent of Suicide......Page 360
Variations in Suicide by Country......Page 362
Social Differentials in Suicide Rates......Page 365
Altruistic Suicide......Page 371
Egoistic Suicide......Page 372
Anomic Suicide......Page 373
Adolescent Suicide......Page 374
Social and Religious Integration......Page 376
Status Frustration......Page 377
Socialization for Suicide......Page 378
The Suicide Process......Page 380
The Purpose of Suicide......Page 383
Suicide, Mental Disorders, and Hopelessness......Page 385
Suicide Prevention Centers......Page 387
Effectiveness of Suicide Prevention Centers......Page 389
Physician-Assisted Suicide......Page 390
Summary......Page 391
Internet Resources......Page 392
13 Physical Disabilities......Page 393
Deviance and Physical Disabilities......Page 394
Definitions and Distinctions......Page 396
Disabilities and the Idea of Deviance......Page 397
Disability and the Sick Role......Page 399
Societal Reaction and Ambivalence Toward Disability......Page 401
Blindness......Page 402
Mental Retardation......Page 404
Physical Handicaps......Page 405
Obesity......Page 407
Socialization and Disability......Page 408
Self-Reactions of the Disabled......Page 410
Professionals and Agencies......Page 411
Subcultures and Groups......Page 412
The Role of Stigma in the Disability Career......Page 413
Managing Disability......Page 414
Passing......Page 415
Normalizing......Page 416
Dissociation......Page 417
The Americans With Disabilities Act......Page 418
Summary......Page 420
Internet Resources......Page 421
14 Gays, Lesbians, and Homophobia......Page 423
The Development of the Notion of Homosexuality......Page 424
Why Do Some People Regard Homosexuality as Deviant?......Page 425
Social Dimensions of Homophobia......Page 426
Homophobic Attitudes......Page 427
Homophobic Behavior......Page 428
Homosexuality and the Law......Page 429
Changing Public Attitudes......Page 430
The Attribution of Homosexuality......Page 433
Prevalence of Homosexuality......Page 434
Variations of Homosexuality......Page 436
Sex Role Socialization and Becoming a Homosexual......Page 438
Sexual Development......Page 439
Becoming a Homosexual......Page 443
Developing a Homosexual Identity......Page 446
The Coming Out Process......Page 448
Homosexual Subcultures......Page 449
The Nature of Lesbianism......Page 452
The Extent of Lesbianism......Page 453
Becoming a Lesbian......Page 454
Lesbian Self-Concept......Page 456
Lesbian Subcultures......Page 457
Transvestitism......Page 459
AIDS and the Homosexual Community......Page 461
The Disease and Its Transmission......Page 462
AIDS’ Impact on Sexual Behavior......Page 465
Political Impact......Page 466
Same-Sex Marriages......Page 468
Homosexuality as a Protected Status......Page 470
Summary......Page 471
Internet Resources......Page 473
15 Mental Disorders......Page 474
The Stigma of Mental Disorders......Page 475
The Psychiatric Diagnostic Manual......Page 476
Organic Mental Disorders......Page 477
Functional Mental Disorders......Page 478
Clinical Definition of Mental Disorder......Page 481
Residual Norms and Societal Reaction......Page 483
Social Stratification and Mental Disorders......Page 484
Social Class......Page 485
Sex Differences......Page 486
Social Stress in Mental Disorders......Page 487
Stress in Modern Life......Page 488
Stress and Anxiety......Page 490
Stress in Social Situations......Page 491
Stress as a Precondition for Mental Disorders......Page 492
Social Roles and Mental Disorders......Page 493
Inability to Shift Roles......Page 494
Performing the Mentally Disordered Role......Page 495
Self-Reactions and Social Roles......Page 497
Social Dimensions of Eating Disorders......Page 499
Explaining Eating Disorders......Page 503
Social Control of Mental Disorders......Page 506
Mental Hospitals......Page 507
The Deinstitutionalization Movement......Page 509
Reducing Stigma......Page 511
Summary......Page 512
Internet Resources......Page 514
REFERENCES......Page 515
NAME INDEX......Page 583
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 597