Sociological Theory

Cover Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
About the Author......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Brief Contents......Page 8
Table of Content......Page 10
Biographical and Autobiographical Sketches......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
CHAPTER 1 A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory: The Early Years......Page 22
Introduction......Page 23
The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Capitalism......Page 26
Feminism......Page 27
Religious Change......Page 28
The Enlightenment......Page 29
The Conservative Reaction to the Enlightenment......Page 30
Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)......Page 32
Claude Henri Saint-Simon (1760–1825)......Page 35
Auguste Comte (1798–1857)......Page 36
Emile Durkheim (1858–1917)......Page 40
The Roots and Nature of the Theories of Karl Marx (1818–1883)......Page 42
The Roots and Nature of the Theories of Max Weber (1864–1920) and Georg Simmel (1858–1918)......Page 47
The Origins of British Sociology......Page 53
Political Economy, Ameliorism, and Social Evolution......Page 55
Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)......Page 57
The Key Figure in Early Italian Sociology......Page 60
Turn-of-the-Century Developments in European Marxism......Page 61
Introduction......Page 64
The Dialectic......Page 66
Reciprocal Relations......Page 67
No Inevitabilities......Page 68
Human Potential......Page 69
Labor......Page 73
Alienation......Page 74
The Structures of Capitalist Society......Page 77
Commodities......Page 78
Fetishism of Commodities......Page 79
Capital, Capitalists, and the Proletariat......Page 80
Exploitation......Page 81
Class Conflict......Page 83
Capitalism as a Good Thing......Page 85
Materialist Conception of History......Page 86
Ideology......Page 88
Marx’s Economics: A Case Study......Page 91
Criticisms......Page 94
Introduction......Page 97
Social Facts......Page 98
Material and Nonmaterial Social Facts......Page 100
Types of Nonmaterial Social Facts......Page 101
The Division of Labor in Society......Page 105
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity......Page 106
Dynamic Density......Page 109
Repressive and Restitutive Law......Page 110
Normal and Pathological......Page 111
Justice......Page 112
Suicide......Page 113
The Four Types of Suicide......Page 114
Suicide Rates and Social Reform......Page 117
Early and Late Durkheimian Theory......Page 118
Theory of Religion—The Sacred and the Profane......Page 119
Totemism......Page 121
Sociology of Knowledge......Page 122
Collective Effervescence......Page 123
Moral Education and Social Reform......Page 124
Morality......Page 125
Moral Education......Page 126
Occupational Associations......Page 127
Functionalism and Positivism......Page 128
Other Criticisms......Page 129
CHAPTER 4 Max Weber......Page 133
History and Sociology......Page 134
Verstehen......Page 137
Causality......Page 139
Ideal Types......Page 140
Values......Page 142
What Is Sociology?......Page 145
Social Action......Page 146
Class, Status, and Party......Page 148
Structures of Authority......Page 149
Rationalization......Page 157
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism......Page 167
Criticisms......Page 175
Primary Concerns......Page 179
Levels and Areas of Concern......Page 180
Dialectical Thinking......Page 183
Individual Consciousness......Page 185
Social Interaction (“Association”)......Page 186
Interaction: Forms and Types......Page 187
Social Structures......Page 192
Objective Culture......Page 193
The Philosophy of Money......Page 195
Money and Value......Page 196
Money, Reification, and Rationalization......Page 197
Negative Effects......Page 199
The Tragedy of Culture......Page 200
Secrecy: A Case Study in Simmel’s Sociology......Page 202
Secrecy and Social Relationships......Page 203
Other Thoughts on Secrecy......Page 205
Criticisms......Page 206
CHAPTER 6 A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory: The Later Years......Page 210
Politics......Page 211
Social Change and Intellectual Currents......Page 213
The Chicago School......Page 220
Women in Early Sociology......Page 226
W.E.B. Du Bois and Race Theory......Page 227
The Rise of Harvard, the Ivy League, and Structural Functionalism......Page 228
Developments in Marxian Theory......Page 233
Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Knowledge......Page 234
Radical Sociology in America: C. Wright Mills......Page 235
The Development of Conflict Theory......Page 236
The Birth of Exchange Theory......Page 237
Dramaturgical Analysis: The Work of Erving Goffman......Page 239
The Development of Sociologies of Everyday Life......Page 240
The Rise and Fall (?) of Marxian Sociology......Page 241
The Challenge of Feminist Theory......Page 242
Micro-Macro Integration......Page 244
Agency-Structure Integration......Page 245
Theoretical Syntheses......Page 246
The Defenders of Modernity......Page 247
The Proponents of Postmodernity......Page 248
Social Theory in the Twenty-First Century......Page 249
Theories of Identity......Page 250
Theories of Consumption......Page 252
Theories of Globalization......Page 253
Theories of Science, Technology, and Society......Page 254
CHAPTER 7 Structural Functionalism, Systems Theory, and Conflict Theory......Page 258
Structural Functionalism......Page 259
The Functional Theory of Stratification and Its Critics......Page 260
Talcott Parsons’s Structural Functionalism......Page 263
Robert Merton’s Structural Functionalism......Page 274
The Major Criticisms......Page 280
Systems Theory......Page 282
System and Environment......Page 283
Autopoiesis......Page 284
Differentiation......Page 286
The Work of Ralf Dahrendorf......Page 287
The Major Criticisms and Efforts to Deal with Them......Page 291
A More Integrative Conflict Theory......Page 292
Economic Determinism......Page 299
Hegelian Marxism......Page 300
Georg Lukács......Page 301
Antonio Gramsci......Page 303
The Major Critiques of Social and Intellectual Life......Page 304
The Major Contributions......Page 308
Criticisms of Critical Theory......Page 312
The Ideas of Jurgen Habermas......Page 313
Critical Theory Today: The Work of Axel Honneth......Page 316
Later Developments in Cultural Critique......Page 318
Neo-Marxian Economic Sociology......Page 319
Capital and Labor......Page 320
Fordism and Post-Fordism......Page 325
The Modern World-System......Page 327
The Production of Space......Page 335
Trialectics......Page 338
Spaces of Hope......Page 339
Post-Marxist Theory......Page 341
Analytical Marxism......Page 342
Postmodern Marxian Theory......Page 345
After Marxism......Page 348
Criticisms of Post-Marxism......Page 350
Pragmatism......Page 353
Behaviorism......Page 355
Between Reductionism and Sociologism......Page 356
The Priority of the Social......Page 357
The Act......Page 358
Gestures......Page 361
Significant Symbols......Page 362
Self......Page 363
Society......Page 368
Symbolic Interactionism: The Basic Principles......Page 369
Thinking and Interaction......Page 370
Learning Meanings and Symbols......Page 371
Groups and Societies......Page 373
The Self and the Work of Erving Goffman......Page 376
The Self......Page 377
What Is Emotion?......Page 386
Shame: The Social Emotion......Page 387
The Invisibility of Shame......Page 388
Emotion Management and Emotion Work......Page 389
Feeling Rules......Page 391
Commercialization of Feeling......Page 392
Criticisms......Page 393
The Future of Symbolic Interactionism......Page 394
Defining Ethnomethodology......Page 398
Studies of Institutional Settings......Page 402
Conversation Analysis......Page 403
Breaching Experiments......Page 404
Accomplishing Gender......Page 406
Telephone Conversations: Identification and Recognition......Page 407
Initiating Laughter......Page 408
Generating Applause......Page 409
Booing......Page 410
The Interactive Emergence of Sentences and Stories......Page 411
Integration of Talk and Nonvocal Activities......Page 412
Doing Shyness (and Self-Confidence)......Page 413
Executive Negotiations......Page 414
Dispute Resolution in Mediation Hearings......Page 415
Separated from the Social......Page 417
Confusing Topic and Resource......Page 418
Stresses and Strains in Ethnomethodology......Page 419
Synthesis and Integration......Page 420
Ethnomethodology and the Micro-Macro Order......Page 421
Behaviorism......Page 423
Rational Choice Theory......Page 424
The Exchange Theory of George Homans......Page 427
Peter Blau’s Exchange Theory......Page 434
The Work of Richard Emerson and His Disciples......Page 438
Network Theory......Page 444
Basic Concerns and Principles......Page 445
A More Integrative Network Theory......Page 447
Network Exchange Theory......Page 448
Structural Power......Page 449
Strong and Weak Power Structures......Page 450
Rational Choice Theory......Page 451
Foundations of Social Theory......Page 452
Criticisms......Page 458
Feminism’s Basic Questions......Page 461
Historical Framing: Feminism, Sociology, and Gender......Page 464
Varieties of Contemporary Feminist Theory......Page 466
Gender Difference......Page 468
Sociological Theories: Institutional and Interactionist......Page 471
Gender Inequality......Page 473
Gender Oppression......Page 477
Structural Oppression......Page 481
Feminism and Postmodernism......Page 493
Feminist Sociological Theorizing......Page 496
A Feminist Sociology of Knowledge......Page 497
The Macro-Social Order......Page 498
The Micro-Social Order......Page 500
Subjectivity......Page 503
CHAPTER 13 Micro-Macro and Agency-Structure Integration......Page 508
Micro-Macro Extremism......Page 509
The Movement toward Micro-Macro Integration......Page 510
Examples of Micro-Macro Integration......Page 511
Back to the Future: Norbert Elias’s Figurational Sociology......Page 521
Agency-Structure Integration......Page 531
Major Examples of Agency-Structure Integration......Page 532
Major Differences in the Agency-Structure Literature......Page 555
Agency-Structure and Micro-Macro Linkages: Fundamental Differences......Page 557
Classical Theorists on Modernity......Page 560
The Juggernaut of Modernity......Page 562
Modernity and Its Consequences......Page 564
Modernity and Identity......Page 567
Modernity and Intimacy......Page 568
The Risk Society......Page 569
Creating the Risks......Page 570
Coping with the Risks......Page 571
A Product of Modernity......Page 572
The Role of Bureaucracy......Page 573
The Holocaust and Rationalization......Page 574
Liquid Modernity......Page 576
Modernity’s Unfinished Project......Page 577
Habermas versus Postmodernists......Page 581
Self, Society, and Religion......Page 582
Modernity and the Self......Page 583
Modernity’s Social Imaginary......Page 584
Religion in a Secular Age......Page 586
Informationalism and the Network Society......Page 587
CHAPTER 15 Globalization Theory......Page 592
Anthony Giddens on the “Runaway World” of Globalization......Page 594
Ulrich Beck, the Politics of Globalization, and Cosmopolitanism......Page 595
Zygmunt Bauman on the Human Consequences of Globalization......Page 597
Cultural Differentialism......Page 598
Cultural Convergence......Page 601
Cultural Hybridization......Page 606
Transnational Capitalism......Page 609
Empire......Page 610
Political Theory......Page 613
Neoliberalism......Page 616
Critiquing Neoliberalism......Page 619
Other Theories......Page 621
CHAPTER 16 Structuralism, Poststructuralism, and Postmodern Social Theory......Page 623
Roots in Linguistics......Page 624
Anthropological Structuralism: Claude Lévi-Strauss......Page 625
Structural Marxism......Page 626
Poststructuralism......Page 627
The Ideas of Michel Foucault......Page 629
The Ideas of Giorgio Agamben......Page 639
Postmodern Social Theory......Page 646
Moderate Postmodern Social Theory: Fredric Jameson......Page 650
Extreme Postmodern Social Theory: Jean Baudrillard......Page 654
Criticisms and Post-Postmodern Social Theory......Page 657
CHAPTER 17 Social Theory in the Twenty-First Century......Page 663
Critical Theories of Race and Racism......Page 664
What Is Queer Theory?......Page 669
The Heterosexual/Homosexual Binary......Page 671
Performing Sex......Page 673
Critiques......Page 675
Actor-Network Theory, Posthumanism, and Postsociality......Page 676
Affect Theory......Page 682
Basic Concepts......Page 684
The Affective Field......Page 686
The Ethics and Politics of Affect......Page 689
Metatheorizing in Sociology......Page 694
Pierre Bourdieu’s Reflexive Sociology......Page 698
The Ideas of Thomas Kuhn......Page 700
The Social-Definition Paradigm......Page 704
Toward a More Integrated Sociological Paradigm......Page 705
Levels of Social Analysis: An Overview......Page 706
References......Page 710
Credits......Page 810
Name Index......Page 812
Subject Index......Page 826
Back Cover......Page 850