Socioeconomic Dynamics of the COVID-19 Crisis: Global, Regional, and Local Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
Contributors
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Socioeconomic Dynamics of the COVID-19 Crisis: Global, Regional, and Local Perspectives
	References
Part I: Impacts on Entrepreneurship and Management Studies
	Chapter 2: Entrepreneurial Frugality in Crisis: An Interpretative Phenomenological Approach
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Literature Review
			2.2.1 Frugality
			2.2.2 Entrepreneurial Frugality
			2.2.3 An Overview of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact
		2.3 Methodology
			2.3.1 Sampling and Data Collection
			2.3.2 Data Analysis
		2.4 Findings
			2.4.1 What Was Entrepreneurial Frugality in the COVID-19 Outbreak Crisis from the Entrepreneurs’ Perspective?
			2.4.2 Why Were Entrepreneurs Frugal in the COVID-19 Outbreak Crisis from the Entrepreneurs’ Perspective?
			2.4.3 How Have Entrepreneurs Been Frugal in the COVID-19 Outbreak Crisis from Entrepreneurs’ Perspective?
		2.5 Discussion
		2.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: The Future of International Entrepreneurship Post-COVID-19
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 International Entrepreneurship as a Field
		3.3 Digital International Entrepreneurship
		3.4 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Support in International Entrepreneurship
		3.5 Export Support in International Entrepreneurship
		3.6 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Development of Entrepreneurial Universities: A Study of Higher Education Institutions in Turkey
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Literature Review
			4.2.1 Entrepreneurship Education
			4.2.2 Entrepreneurial Universities
			4.2.3 COVID-19 Pandemics and Higher Education
		4.3 Aims and Methodology
			4.3.1 The Data-Gathering Phase
			4.3.2 The Data Analysis Technique and Tool
		4.4 Research Findings
			4.4.1 The Turkish Context
			4.4.2 Survey Findings
				4.4.2.1 Social and Economic Impacts at the Local, National, and International Level
		4.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Opportunities and Threats Facing Early-Stage Digital Startups During the COVID-19 Pandemic
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Literature Review
			5.2.1 SMEs and Startups During COVID-19
			5.2.2 Digital Startups During COVID-19 Pandemic
		5.3 Research Methodology
			5.3.1 Research Design and Procedure
			5.3.2 Sources of Data
		5.4 Data Analysis
			5.4.1 Opportunities and Threats Related to Market and Marketing
			5.4.2 Opportunities and Threats Related to Startup Teams
			5.4.3 Opportunities and Threats Related to Operational and Management Issues
			5.4.4 Opportunities and Threats Related to Financial and Economic Activities
		5.5 Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Research
		References
	Chapter 6: Developments and Changes in Organization and Management Research in the Post-COVID-19 Era: A Foundationalist Approach
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Methodology
		6.3 Theoretical Foundations of Organization and Management that Have Changed Due to COVID-19 Crisis
			6.3.1 Utilitarianism as a Basis for Management
			6.3.2 Social Responsibility as the Basis of Management
			6.3.3 Pragmatism as the Basis of Management
		6.4 Organizational Areas Affected by the COVID-19 Crisis
			6.4.1 Changes in the Organizational Culture
			6.4.2 Changes in the Organizational Structures
			6.4.3 Changes in the Inter-/Intra-Organizational Communications
			6.4.4 Changes in the Business Processes and Technologies
			6.4.5 Changes in the Managerial Decision-Making
			6.4.6 Changes in the Organizational Strategies
			6.4.7 Changes in the Supply Chain Management
			6.4.8 Changes in the Quality Management
			6.4.9 Changes in the Human Resource Management
			6.4.10 Leadership in the Post-Coronavirus Age
		6.5 Three General Recommendations
			6.5.1 Technology
			6.5.2 More Focus on Social Responsibility
			6.5.3 Ethics and Spirituality
		6.6 Conclusions
			6.6.1 Managerial Research Currents in the Face of the COVID-19 Crisis
			6.6.2 Deaths and Births of the Businesses Due to the COVID-19 Crisis
		6.7 Conclusion and Suggestions
		References
Part II: Shock Economy and Financial Dynamics
	Chapter 7: Lessons from COVID-19 and Its Impact on Reallocation of Resources: A Cross-Country Comparison in Search of a Global Perspective
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Literature Review
			7.2.1 Pandemics in Their Historical Context and Their Impact on Changing Economic Conditions and Social Environment
			7.2.2 The Impact of Environmental Changes on the Creation of Pandemics
			7.2.3 Pandemics, Economic Condition, and the Role of Governments in Responding to the Needs and Provision of Public Goods and Services
		7.3 Methodology
		7.4 Results and Discussion
			7.4.1 Selected Essential Indicators of Healthcare Preparedness Before COVID-19
			7.4.2 Economic Preparedness for Facing Pandemics Through Overall Budgetary Allocation to Meet the Needs and Provision of Healthcare Services
				7.4.2.1 Focusing on the Impact of Pandemic on Low-Income Countries
			7.4.3 The Impact of Social Environment on Resilience of Countries to Pandemics
				7.4.3.1 The Impact of Trust Within an Economy
				7.4.3.2 Having Choice to Withstand Harsh Economic Environment
		7.5 Need for International Cooperation
		7.6 How the Lessons Learned May Impact the Resource Allocations Within the Countries and in the Global Setting
		7.7 The Blueprint for a Better Allocation of Resources Toward Creating a Sustainable World That Can Withstand the Challenges Ahead
		7.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Financial Markets and COVID-19
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Financial Effects of Corona
		8.3 Effects on the South
		8.4 IFIs
		8.5 Financial Effects in the North
		8.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Forecasting Monetary Policy Rates in the COVID-19 Era for South Africa
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Literature Review
		9.3 Methodology
			9.3.1 Data
			9.3.2 Model Estimation
				9.3.2.1 Univariate Modelling
				9.3.2.2 Multivariate Modelling
		9.4 Results and Discussions
			9.4.1 Forecasts of Inflation
			9.4.2 Forecasts of Bank Rate
			9.4.3 Forecasts of Foreign Exchange Rate
			9.4.4 Multivariate Forecasts
		9.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 10: The Effectiveness of the COVID-19 Economic and Social Relief Package as a Poverty Alleviation Strategy in South Africa
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Methodology
		10.3 Literature Review
		10.4 Results and Discussion
			10.4.1 Government Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic, ESRP and Poverty Alleviation
			10.4.2 Social Grant
			10.4.3 Social Relief of Distress Grant
			10.4.4 Food Parcel Scheme
			10.4.5 Unemployment Benefits
			10.4.6 Paid Holidays
		10.5 Recommendations
		10.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Oil Price, Foreign Reserves, and Exchange Rate Nexus During COVID-19
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Literature Review
			11.2.1 Research Gap in Reviewed Literature
		11.3 Research Methods
			11.3.1 Causality Model Specification
			11.3.2 Structural VAR Identification
			11.3.3 Impulse Response Functions
			11.3.4 Variable Measurement and Sources
		11.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
			11.4.1 Appraisal of COVID-19, Oil Price, Foreign Reserve, and Exchange Rate
			11.4.2 Data Analysis and Interpretation
				11.4.2.1 Descriptive Statistics, Unit Root, Co-integration Estimates, and Lag Selection Criteria
			11.4.3 Causality Estimate
			11.4.4 Impulse Response Functions
		11.5 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
		References
Part III: Politics and Sociology of the COVID-19 Crisis
	Chapter 12: COVID-19 and China’s Quest for Global Hegemony
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Literature Review
			12.2.1 COVID-19: Origin, Transmission and Impact
			12.2.2 COVID-19, Biological Weapons and Biological Warfare
		12.3 Discussions
			12.3.1 The International System and the Struggle for Power and Influence
			12.3.2 China’s Quest for Global Hegemony
		12.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: COVID-19 and the Cultural Challenges of the Rights of Contemporary African Ancestors
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Constructing the Rights of the African Ancestors
		13.3 Methodological and Theoretical Frameworks
		13.4 Qualifications, Responsibilities and Rights of the African Ancestors
		13.5 Implications of COVID-19 on the Rights of Contemporary Ancestors
		13.6 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Psychology of the COVID-19 Crisis
	Chapter 14: Psychological Perspectives on COVID-19
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Methodology
		14.3 Behavioural Immune System (BIS)
		14.4 The Terror Management Theory (TMT)
		14.5 Psychological/Behavioural Reactions
			14.5.1 Anxiety
				14.5.1.1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
				14.5.1.2 Health Anxiety (HA)
				14.5.1.3 Coronaphobia
			14.5.2 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
			14.5.3 Hoarding Behaviours
			14.5.4 Depression
				14.5.4.1 Suicide
			14.5.5 Loneliness/Social Isolation
			14.5.6 Addictive Behaviours
			14.5.7 Potential Consequences of Psychological/Behavioural Reactions
				14.5.7.1 Stigmatization
				14.5.7.2 Domestic Violence
				14.5.7.3 Interpersonal Relationship Problems
			14.5.8 Vulnerable Populations
				14.5.8.1 Children/Adolescents
				14.5.8.2 Parents/Families
				14.5.8.3 The Elderly
				14.5.8.4 Marginalized Groups (i.e., Refugees, Immigrants, and Homeless Individuals)
				14.5.8.5 People with Pre-existing Psychiatric Disorders
				14.5.8.6 Health-Care Workers (HCWs)
				14.5.8.7 COVID-19 Patients/Survivors
			14.5.9 Interventions
		14.6 Discussion
		14.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Incorporating the Outcomes of COVID-19 with Other Recent Pandemic Outbreaks on Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Methods and Procedure
			15.2.1 Identification of Studies
			15.2.2 Quality Assessment
			15.2.3 Risk of Bias Assessment
			15.2.4 Inclusion Criteria
			15.2.5 Data Extraction and Selection Procedure
			15.2.6 Statistical Analysis
		15.3 Results
			15.3.1 Search Results
			15.3.2 Meta-analysis of Different Psychological Problems Faced by Healthcare Workers
		15.4 Discussion
		15.5 Conclusion
		References
Part V: The COVID-19 Crisis: Public Health and Biopolitics
	Chapter 16: The Spread of the Novel Coronavirus Disease-2019 in Polluted Cities: Environmental and Demographic Factors to Control for the Prevention of Future Pandemic Diseases
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Study Design
			16.2.1 Data and Their Sources
			16.2.2 Sample, Period, and Measures
			16.2.3 Data Analysis and Procedure
		16.3 Results
		16.4 Discussion
		16.5 Conclusions and Prospects
		References
	Chapter 17: High-Performing Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting the Spread of COVID-19
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Materials and Methods
			17.2.1 Sources, Sample, and Data
			17.2.2 Modeling and Data Analysis Procedure
			17.2.3 Measure of Variables
			17.2.4 Performance Measures
		17.3 Results and Discussion
		17.4 Conclusions
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 18: Perceptions and Coping Strategies to COVID-19 in a Rural Ghanaian Community
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Theoretical Framework
		18.3 Materials and Method
			18.3.1 Study Design and Participants
			18.3.2 Data Collection Instruments and Procedure
			18.3.3 Data Analysis
		18.4 Results
			18.4.1 Participants’ Characteristics
			18.4.2 Perceptions of COVID-19
				18.4.2.1 Knowledge of COVID-19 Existence
				18.4.2.2 Causes of COVID-19
				18.4.2.3 Spread and Symptoms of COVID-19
				18.4.2.4 Misinformation, Public Fear, and Panic Associated with COVID-19 Pandemic
			18.4.3 COVID-19 and Social Activities and Norms
			18.4.4 Coping Strategies to COVID-19
				18.4.4.1 Conventional Coping Strategies
				18.4.4.2 Nonconventional (Traditional Knowledge) Coping Strategies
		18.5 Discussion
		18.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 19: Government Policy Response to COVID-19 and Stock Market Return: The Case of Iran
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 COVID-19 and the Stock Market in Iran
		19.3 Literature Review
			19.3.1 The Impact of COVID-19 on Financial Markets
			19.3.2 The Impact of Government Policy Response to COVID-19 on Financial Markets
		19.4 Methodology
		19.5 Empirical Results and Discussion
			19.5.1 Data
			19.5.2 Result of the Threshold Regression
		19.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Request and Donation Efficiencies in a Crisis: Data Envelopment Analyses of a Philippine Web-Based Emergency Response System
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Review of Related Literature
			20.2.1 Hospital Supply Chains and Crises
			20.2.2 Data Envelopment Analysis in Hospitals
		20.3 Methodology
		20.4 Findings
		20.5 Discussion and Recommendations
		20.6 Conclusion
		Appendix I
		References
Part VI: The COVID-19 Crisis: Food and Agriculture
	Chapter 21: How Did COVID-19 Reshape Food Procurement Around the Globe? Effective Operation and Redesign of the Food Retail Industry in China, Portugal, Turkey, and the USA
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 COVID-19 Reshaped Food Procurement Globally
			21.2.1 COVID-19 in Four Countries
			21.2.2 The Pandemic Has Reshaped Food Retailing Globally
		21.3 Case Study in Four Countries: The Comparison of How Consumers’ Food Procurement Behaviors Have Changed During the Pandemic
			21.3.1 Data Collection
			21.3.2 Changes in Consumers’ In-Store Food Procurement
				21.3.2.1 Shopping Time
				21.3.2.2 Shopping Frequency
				21.3.2.3 Transport Mode
				21.3.2.4 Store Type
				21.3.2.5 Preventive Measures
				21.3.2.6 Shopping Experiences
		21.4 Study Summary
		21.5 Managerial Implications
		21.6 Limitations and Future Research
		21.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 22: COVID-19 Pandemic and Agriculture: Potential Impact on Legumes and Their Economic Value Chain
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Importance of Legumes in Agriculture, Agro-processing, and the Economy
		22.3 Current Performance of Grain Legumes in Agriculture
		22.4 Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Legume Productivity
		22.5 Effect of Pandemics on the Labor Force and Agriculture
		22.6 Farmworkers and Farmers’ Preparedness for COVID-19 Outbreak
		22.7 Potential Consequences of the Pandemic on Legume Improvement
		22.8 Mitigation Strategies During COVID-19 Outbreak
		22.9 Final Remarks and Conclusions
		References
Index