Society and Psychosis

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Categories and continua......Page 13
The aetiology of psychosis......Page 15
Course and outcome of psychosis......Page 17
Theoretical and conceptual foundations......Page 18
Social factors and the onset of psychosis......Page 19
Models and conclusions......Page 20
REFERENCES......Page 21
Introduction......Page 23
Influences on research output......Page 24
The rise of biological research......Page 25
Searching for trends in the psychiatric literature (1) Method......Page 27
Searching for trends in the psychiatric literature (2) Findings......Page 30
Conclusions......Page 32
REFERENCES......Page 33
Part I Theoretical and conceptual foundations......Page 35
Introduction......Page 37
Social science......Page 38
The social creation of mental illness......Page 39
The reality of mental illness......Page 41
Being mentally ill......Page 42
Structural strain theory......Page 43
Social stress theory......Page 45
Social experience and psychosis......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 49
History and currency......Page 53
Processes and conditions......Page 56
Levels of organisation......Page 58
Urbanicity and schizophrenia......Page 60
Migration and psychosis......Page 61
Measurement and analysis......Page 63
Place and time......Page 64
New directions......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 67
History and overview of the field......Page 70
Definitions of relevant terms and concepts......Page 72
Recent studies of gene–environment interaction......Page 73
Methodological issues in gene–environment interactions......Page 79
Future challenges......Page 80
REFERENCES......Page 82
Part II Social factors and the onset of psychosis......Page 87
History......Page 89
Conceptualising society, place and space......Page 91
Methodological issues......Page 92
Incidence rates in rural and urban areas......Page 94
Urban birth, upbringing or residence......Page 97
Obstetric complications......Page 98
Drug use......Page 99
Social isolation......Page 100
Ecological explanations......Page 101
Summary and challenges for future research......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
Separation from parents or loss of at least one parent......Page 107
Childhood abuse......Page 108
Defining adversity......Page 109
Measuring adversity......Page 110
Validity and retrospective assessment......Page 111
Sample characteristics......Page 112
Biological......Page 113
Psychological......Page 114
Behavioural......Page 116
Integrative theories......Page 117
Conclusions......Page 118
REFERENCES......Page 119
Introduction......Page 124
History: early studies......Page 125
Familial communication in schizophrenia......Page 126
Expressed emotion......Page 127
Family interventions......Page 129
Interplay of genes and the family environment......Page 130
Adoption studies of schizophrenia......Page 131
Conclusions and future directions......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 135
Introduction......Page 139
Adult life events......Page 140
Empirical evidence......Page 141
Empirical evidence......Page 143
Mechanisms (3) Biology and behavioural sensitisation......Page 144
Empirical evidence (1) A developmental interactive model of psychosis......Page 147
Empirical evidence (2) Indirect evidence for gene–environment interaction......Page 148
Empirical evidence (3) Direct evidence for gene–environment interaction......Page 149
REFERENCES......Page 150
History and overview......Page 155
Race, culture and ethnicity......Page 157
Methodological problems......Page 158
Ascertainment bias......Page 159
Migration and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis......Page 160
Psychosis and migration in the UK......Page 162
Differences in incidence as a window to aetiology?......Page 163
Social factors......Page 164
Interaction of risk factors......Page 166
Sociodevelopmental model of psychosis......Page 167
Conclusions......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 169
Part III Social factors and the outcome of psychosis......Page 173
Introduction......Page 175
Disincentives to employment......Page 176
Supported employment......Page 178
Social firms......Page 179
Poverty......Page 180
An economic development approach......Page 181
A consumer-oriented pharmacy......Page 182
Apartments and supervision......Page 183
Incarceration......Page 184
The psychosocial clubhouse......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 187
Stigma and physical conditions......Page 191
Degrees of rejection......Page 192
Shortcomings of stigma models......Page 194
Ignorance: the problem of knowledge......Page 196
Common myths about disability and mental illness......Page 200
Prejudice: the problem of negative attitudes......Page 201
Box 12.2 Service user accounts (2)......Page 202
Conclusion: discrimination – the problem of rejecting and avoidant behaviour......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 204
Introduction......Page 210
The epidemiological record......Page 212
The discursive school: outcome read differently......Page 217
Conclusion: border crossings......Page 220
REFERENCES......Page 223
Part IV Models and conclusions......Page 229
A failed category?......Page 231
Psychosis as a continuum with normal experience......Page 233
Aetiological processes......Page 235
Analysing single symptoms......Page 237
Cognitive models of psychosis......Page 239
Social influences on psychosis......Page 240
Distant trauma and psychosis......Page 241
Recent research into cognitive processes......Page 242
Stress and cognition......Page 243
Conclusion......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
15 Society and psychosis: future directions and implications......Page 250
A conceptual framework......Page 251
Do social factors cause psychosis?......Page 252
Migration and ethnicity......Page 253
Adversity across the life course......Page 254
Causal connections?......Page 255
Mechanisms......Page 256
Conceptualising and measuring social processes......Page 257
Distinguishing cause and effect......Page 258
Outcomes and interventions......Page 259
Implications (1) Prevention......Page 261
Conclusion......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 263
Index......Page 264