Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page\n......Page 20
Copyright......Page 21
Brief Contents\n......Page 22
Contents......Page 24
Geography Overview......Page 4
Maps......Page 34
Features......Page 35
Preface......Page 36
About the Author......Page 43
Notes on Spelling and Usage......Page 44
Introducing World History......Page 45
PART I: FOUNDATIONS: ANCIENT SOCIETIES, TO CA. 600 B.C.E.......Page 52
1 The Origins of Human Societies, to ca. 2000 B.C.E.......Page 55
Prehistory: The Cosmos, Earth, and the Roots of Humanity......Page 57
The Odyssey of Early Human Societies......Page 63
The Agricultural Transformation, 10,000–4000 B.C.E.......Page 66
The Emergence of Cities and States......Page 72
EBOOK AND WEBSITE SOURCES......Page 77
SUGGESTED READING......Page 78
PROFILE: The !Kung Hunters and Gatherers......Page 67
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Food and Farming in Ancient Cultural Traditions......Page 71
2 Ancient Societies in Mesopotamia, India, and Central Asia, 5000–600 B.C.E.......Page 79
Early Mesopotamian Urbanized Societies, to 2000 B.C.E.......Page 81
Later Mesopotamian Societies and Their Legacies, 2000–600 B.C.E.......Page 86
The Earliest Indian and Central Asian Societies, 6000–1500 B.C.E.......Page 89
The Aryans and a New Indian Society, 1500–600 B.C.E.......Page 95
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 99
SUGGESTED READING......Page 100
PROFILE: Hammurabi the Lawgiver......Page 88
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Hindu Values in the Bhagavad Gita......Page 98
3 Ancient Societies in Africa and the Mediterranean, 5000–600 B.C.E.......Page 101
The Rise of Egyptian Society......Page 103
Egyptian Society, Economy, and Culture......Page 106
Ancient Sub-Saharan African Societies......Page 110
Early Societies and Networks of the Eastern Mediterranean......Page 115
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 121
SUGGESTED READING......Page 122
PROFILE: Hekanakhte, an Egyptian Priest......Page 108
WITNESS TO THE PAST: The World-view of an African Society......Page 114
4 Around the Pacific Rim: Eastern Eurasia and the Americas, 5000–600 B.C.E.......Page 123
The Formation of Chinese Society, 6000–1750 B.C.E.......Page 125
The Reshaping of Ancient Chinese Society, 1750–600 B.C.E.......Page 127
Ancient Southeast and Northeast Asians......Page 133
Ancient Americans......Page 136
KEY TERMS......Page 143
SUGGESTED READING......Page 144
WITNESS TO THE PAST: The Poetry of Peasant Life in Zhou China......Page 131
PROFILE: The Poverty Point Mound Builders......Page 139
Patriarchy and Matriarchy in the Ancient World......Page 145
Technological Foundations......Page 147
Urban and Economic Foundations......Page 149
Political Foundations......Page 151
Social and Cultural Foundations......Page 152
Suggested Reading......Page 154
PART II: BLOSSOMING: THE CLASSICAL SOCIETIES AND THEIR LEGACIES, 600 B.C.E. –600 C.E.......Page 156
5 Classical Societies in Southern and Central Asia, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.......Page 159
The Transformation of Indian Society, Religion, and Politics......Page 161
South and Central Asia After the Mauryas......Page 168
The Gupta Age in India......Page 170
The Development of Southeast Asian Societies......Page 174
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 177
SUGGESTED READING......Page 179
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Basic Doctrines in the Buddha’s First Sermon......Page 165
PROFILE: The Trung Sisters, Vietnamese Rebels......Page 178
6 Eurasian Connections and New Traditions in East Asia, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.......Page 181
Changing China and Axial Age Thought, 600–221 B.C.E.......Page 183
Chinese Imperial Systems and the World......Page 188
China After the Han Empire: Continuity and Change......Page 194
Korea, Japan, and East Asian Networks......Page 199
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 202
SUGGESTED READING......Page 203
WITNESS TO THE PAST: The Analects and Correct Confucian Behavior......Page 186
PROFILE: Sima Qian, Chinese Historian......Page 195
7 Western Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Regional Systems, 600–200 B.C.E.......Page 205
The Persians and Their Empire......Page 207
The Rise and Flowering of the Greeks......Page 212
Greeks, Persians, and the Regional System......Page 218
The Hellenistic Age and Its Afro-Eurasian Legacies......Page 222
EBOOK AND WEBSITE SOURCES......Page 227
SUGGESTED READING......Page 228
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Good, Evil, and Monotheism in Zoroastrian Thought......Page 211
PROFILE: Archimedes, a Hellenistic Mathematician and Engineer......Page 226
8 Empires, Networks, and the Remaking of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, 500 B.C.E.–600 C.E.......Page 229
Etruscans, Carthage, Egypt, and the Roman Republic......Page 231
The Rise and Decline of Imperial Rome......Page 236
Christianity: From Western Asian Sect to Transregional Religion......Page 244
Revival in the East: Byzantines, Persians, and Arabs......Page 249
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 253
SUGGESTED READING......Page 254
WITNESS TO THE PAST: The Voices of Common Romans......Page 241
PROFILE: Hypatia of Alexandria, a Pagan Philosopher......Page 248
9 Classical Societies and Regional Networks in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.......Page 255
Classical States and Connections in Northeast Africa......Page 257
The Blossoming of West and Bantu Africa......Page 261
Classical Societies and Networks in the Americas......Page 265
Populating the Pacific: Australian and Island Societies......Page 273
KEY TERMS......Page 277
SUGGESTED READING......Page 278
WITNESS TO THE PAST: A Shopper’s Guide to Aksum......Page 262
PROFILE: A Moche Lord......Page 271
The Afrocentric Challenge to Historians of Antiquity......Page 279
The Axial Age of Philosophical Speculation......Page 281
The Age of Regional Empires......Page 282
World Religions and Their Influences......Page 285
Changing Economic and Social Patterns......Page 287
Suggested Reading......Page 290
PART III: EXPANDING HORIZONS: ENCOUNTERS AND TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE INTERMEDIATE ERA, CA. 600–1500......Page 292
10 The Rise, Power, and Connections of the Islamic World, 600–1500......Page 295
Early Islam: The Origins and Spread of a Continuous Tradition......Page 297
Early Islamic States and Empires......Page 303
Cultural Hallmarks of Islam: Theology, Society, and Learning......Page 309
Globalized Islam and Middle Eastern Political Change......Page 314
EBOOK AND WEBSITE SOURCES......Page 321
SUGGESTED READING......Page 322
WITNESS TO THE PAST: The Holy Book, God, and the Prophet in the Quran......Page 300
PROFILE: Ibn Battuta, A Muslim Traveler......Page 313
11 East Asian Traditions, Transformations, and Eurasian Encounters, 600–1500......Page 323
Tang China: The Hub of the East......Page 325
Song China and Commercial Growth......Page 330
Mongol Conquest, Chinese Resurgence, and Eurasian Connections......Page 334
Cultural Adaptation in Korea and Japan......Page 340
KEY TERMS......Page 347
SUGGESTED READING......Page 348
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Life in the Chinese Capital City......Page 332
PROFILE: Lady Murasaki, Heian Novelist......Page 344
12 Expanding Horizons in Africa and the Americas, 600–1500......Page 349
Diverse African States and Peoples......Page 351
African Societies, Thought, and Economies......Page 359
American Societies in Transition......Page 362
The American Empires and Their Challenges......Page 367
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 373
SUGGESTED READING......Page 374
PROFILE: Sundiata, Imperial Founder......Page 355
WITNESS TO THE PAST: An Aztec Market......Page 370
13 South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and Afro-Eurasian Connections, 600–1500......Page 375
Hinduism, Buddhism, and South Asian Society......Page 377
The Coming of Islam to India and Central Asia......Page 381
WITNESS TO THE PAST: The Songs of Kabir......Page 386
Buddhist, Confucian, and Islamic Southeast Asian Societies......Page 391
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 395
SUGGESTED READING......Page 396
PROFILE: Pwa Saw, a Burmese Queen......Page 389
14 Christian Societies in Medieval Europe, Byzantium, and Russia, 600–1500......Page 397
Forming Christian Societies in Western Europe......Page 399
Medieval Societies, Thought, and Politics......Page 404
Eastern Europe: Byzantines, Slavs, and Mongols......Page 413
Late Medieval Europe and the Roots of Expansion......Page 416
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 422
SUGGESTED READING......Page 423
PROFILE: Heloise, a French Scholar and Nun......Page 412
WITNESS TO THE PAST: A Literary View of Late Medieval People......Page 418
Eastern Predominance in the Intermediate World......Page 424
Increasing Economic Exchange......Page 427
Universal Religions and Social Change......Page 430
The Mongol Empire and Hemispheric Connections......Page 432
Disaster and Dynamism in the Late Intermediate Era......Page 433
Suggested Reading......Page 435
PART IV: CONNECTING THE GLOBE: FORGING NEW NETWORKS IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD, 1450–1750......Page 436
15 Global Connections and the Remaking of Europe, 1450–1750......Page 439
Transitions: Overseas Expansion and Capitalism......Page 441
The Renaissance and Reformation......Page 446
Changing States and Politics......Page 453
The Transformation of Cultures and Societies......Page 459
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 464
EBOOK AND WEBSITE SOURCES......Page 465
SUGGESTED READING......Page 466
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Queen Elizabeth I Rallies Her People......Page 452
PROFILE: Rembrandt Van Rijn, Dutch Artist......Page 461
16 New Challenges for Africa and the Islamic World, 1450–1750......Page 467
Sub-Saharan African Societies......Page 469
Early European Imperialism and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade......Page 474
The Ottomans and Islamic Imperial Revival......Page 480
Persia, Morocco, and Central Asia......Page 485
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 489
SUGGESTED READING......Page 490
WITNESS TO THE PAST: A Kongolese King Protests the Slave Trade......Page 475
PROFILE: Pasha Sinan, Ottoman Architect......Page 484
17 Americans, Europeans, Africans, and New Societies in the Americas, 1450–1750......Page 491
Early American-European-Pacific Encounters......Page 493
The European Conquest of the Americas......Page 498
The Consequences of American Colonization......Page 502
New Economies, Slavery, and the Atlantic System......Page 509
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 516
SUGGESTED READING......Page 517
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Spanish Men and Inca Women......Page 504
PROFILE: Caetana, Slave Rebel Against Patriarchy......Page 513
18 South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia: Triumphs and Challenges, 1450–1750......Page 519
Mughal India, South Asia, and New Encounters......Page 521
Southeast Asia and Global Connections......Page 527
Early Modern China and New Challenges......Page 534
Continuity and Change in Korea and Japan......Page 541
KEY TERMS......Page 545
SUGGESTED READING......Page 546
PROFILE: Akbar, Mughal Ruler......Page 524
WITNESS TO THE PAST: A Mandarin’s Critique of Chinese Merchants......Page 538
The Great Divergence Between Europe and Asia......Page 548
New Empires and Military Power......Page 551
The Emerging World Economy......Page 554
Environmental Changes......Page 557
Social and Cultural Change......Page 559
Suggested Reading......Page 562
PART V: GLOBAL IMBALANCES: INDUSTRY, EMPIRE, AND THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD, 1750–1945......Page 564
19 Modern Transitions: Revolutions, Industries, Ideologies, Empires, 1750–1914......Page 567
The Age of Revolution......Page 569
The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth......Page 578
Nationalism, Liberalism, and Socialism......Page 584
The Resurgence of Western Imperialism......Page 589
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 593
SUGGESTED READING......Page 594
PROFILE: Tommy Armstrong, Bard of the English Coal Mines......Page 583
WITNESS TO THE PAST: The Communist View of Past, Present, and Future......Page 588
20 Changing Societies in Europe, the Americas, and Oceania, 1750–1914......Page 595
The Reshaping of European Societies......Page 597
The Rise of the United States......Page 602
Latin America and the Caribbean in the Global System......Page 612
New Societies in Canada and the Pacific Basin......Page 618
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 622
SUGGESTED READING......Page 623
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Protesting Sexism and Slavery......Page 606
PROFILE: Euclides Da Cunha, Brazilian Writer......Page 617
21 Africa, the Middle East, and Imperialism, 1750–1914......Page 625
The Colonization of Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 627
The Colonial Reshaping of Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 633
Imperialism, Reform, and the Middle Eastern Societies......Page 639
Middle Eastern Thought and Culture......Page 645
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 648
SUGGESTED READING......Page 649
PROFILE: Samory Toure, Mandinka King and Resistance Leader......Page 632
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Egyptian Women and Their Rights......Page 647
22 South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Colonization, 1750–1914......Page 651
Forming British India......Page 653
The Reshaping of Indian Society......Page 659
Southeast Asia and Colonization......Page 664
The Reshaping of Southeast Asia......Page 669
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 674
SUGGESTED READING......Page 675
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Challenging British Imperialism with Spiritual Virtues......Page 663
PROFILE: Kartini, Indonesian Feminist and Teacher......Page 673
23 East Asia and the Russian Empire Face New Challenges, 1750–1914......Page 677
The Zenith and Decline of Qing China......Page 679
From Imperial to Republican China......Page 685
The Remaking of Japan and Korea......Page 690
Russia’s Eurasian Empire......Page 699
EBOOK AND WEBSITE SOURCES......Page 703
SUGGESTED READING......Page 704
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Planning a Revolutionary New China......Page 689
PROFILE: Ando Hiroshige, Japanese Artist......Page 692
24 World Wars, European Revolutions, and Global Depression, 1914–1945......Page 705
The Roots and Course of World War I......Page 707
The Revolutionary Path to Soviet Communism......Page 712
The Interwar Years and the Great Depression......Page 718
The Rise of Fascism and the Renewal of Conflict......Page 725
World War II: A Global Transition......Page 729
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 735
SUGGESTED READING......Page 736
PROFILE: Yoshiya Nobuko, Japanese Writer and Gender Rebel......Page 721
WITNESS TO THE PAST: The Doctrine of Fascism......Page 726
25 Imperialism and Nationalism in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1914–1945......Page 737
Western Imperialism and Its Challengers......Page 739
Nationalism and Communism in China......Page 742
British Colonialism and the Indian Response......Page 747
Nationalist Stirrings in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 752
Remaking the Middle East and Latin America......Page 757
KEY TERMS......Page 766
SUGGESTED READING......Page 767
PROFILE: Mohandas Gandhi, Indian Nationalist......Page 749
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Sukarno Indicts Dutch Colonialism......Page 754
Modernization or World-System?......Page 768
Imperialism, States, and the Global System......Page 771
The World Economy......Page 774
Frontiers and Migrations......Page 776
The Spread of Technology and Mass Culture......Page 778
Suggested Reading......Page 781
PART VI: GLOBAL SYSTEM: INTERDEPENDENCE AND CONFLICT IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD, SINCE 1945......Page 782
26 The Remaking of the Global System, Since 1945......Page 785
Decolonization, New States, and the Global System......Page 787
Cold War, Hot Wars, and World Politics......Page 791
Globalizing Economies, Underdevelopment, and Environmental Change......Page 796
New Global Networks and Their Consequences......Page 807
KEY TERMS......Page 815
SUGGESTED READING......Page 816
WITNESS TO THE PAST: An Agenda for the New Millennium......Page 801
PROFILE: Wangari Maathai, Kenyan Environmental Activist......Page 805
27 East Asian Resurgence, Since 1945......Page 817
Mao’s Revolutionary China......Page 819
Chinese Modernization......Page 825
The Remaking of Japan......Page 831
The Little Dragons in the Asian Resurgence......Page 839
EBOOK AND WEBSITE SOURCES......Page 845
SUGGESTED READING......Page 846
PROFILE: Xue Xinran, A Chinese Voice for Women......Page 830
WITNESS TO THE PAST: A Japanese Generation Gap......Page 837
28 Rebuilding Europe and Russia, Since 1945......Page 847
Western Europe: Revival and Unity......Page 849
Western European Societies and Cultures......Page 855
Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe......Page 863
Communist Collapse: A New Russia and Europe......Page 871
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 878
EBOOK AND WEBSITE SOURCES......Page 879
SUGGESTED READING......Page 880
PROFILE: Simone de Beauvoir, French Feminist and Philosopher......Page 860
29 The Americas and the Pacific Basin: New Roles in the Contemporary World, Since 1945......Page 881
The United States as a Superpower......Page 883
The Changing Societies of North America and the Pacific Basin......Page 891
Political Change in Latin America and the Caribbean......Page 900
Changing Latin American and Caribbean Societies......Page 906
EBOOK AND WEBSITE SOURCES......Page 913
SUGGESTED READING......Page 914
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Justifying Preemptive Strikes......Page 890
PROFILE: Violeta Parra, Chilean New Song Pioneer......Page 911
30 The Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, and New Conflicts in the Contemporary World, Since 1945......Page 915
The Middle East: New Nations and Old Societies......Page 917
Change and Conflict in the Middle East......Page 925
Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 933
African Economies, Societies, and Cultures......Page 941
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 947
SUGGESTED READING......Page 948
WITNESS TO THE PAST: Assessing Arab Development......Page 932
PROFILE: Nelson and Winnie Mandela, South African Freedom Fighters......Page 940
31 South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Global Connections, Since 1945......Page 949
The Reshaping of South Asia......Page 951
South Asian Politics and Societies......Page 955
Revolution, Decolonization, and New Nations in Southeast Asia......Page 963
Tigers, Politics, and Changing Southeast Asian Societies......Page 971
KEY TERMS......Page 980
SUGGESTED READING......Page 981
PROFILE: Raj Kapoor, Bollywood Film Star......Page 960
WITNESS TO THE PAST: A Thai Poet’s Plea for Saving the Environment......Page 975
Globalization: For and Against......Page 982
Globalization and Cultures......Page 985
Inequality and Development......Page 987
Sustainable Environments......Page 990
Global Pasts and Futures......Page 992
Suggested Reading......Page 995
Notes......Page 996
Index......Page 1008