Social Relations Modeling of Behavior in Dyads and Groups

Cover
Social Relations Modeling
of Behavior in Dyads
and Groups
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword 1
Foreword 2
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
	Chapter 11
	Chapter 12
	Chapter 13
	Chapter 14
	Final appreciation
	References
Preface
1
Dyads and groups
	The nature of dyads
	Dyads within groups
	The adaptive function of dyads and groups
	The dyad and group in social psychology
	Representative design in dyadic research
	The dyad awaited a solution to the dependence problem
	The heuristic value of the social relations model
	General aims of this book
	References
2
The logic and mathematics of social relations modeling
	Conceptual and analytic concerns with dyadic data
	The componential structure of dyadic data
	The components of dyadic scores specified by the social relations model
	Conceptual examples of actor, partner, and relationship components
	Validity criteria for SRM components
	Computation of SRM effect estimates
	Computing effect estimates in the half-block design
	Computing effect estimates in the round-robin design
	SRM variance components
		Actor, partner, and relationship variances
		Actor, partner, and relationship variance components: Metaperspectives
	Covariances of SRM effect estimates
	Self-actor correlations
	Self-partner correlations
	Splitting generalized and dyadic interpersonal phenomena
	Generalized reciprocity correlations
	Dyadic interpersonal reciprocity
	Bivariate reciprocity
	Dyadic intrapersonal and interpersonal reciprocity of metaperspectives
	Multivariate models with effect estimates
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
3
Research designs for social relations analysis
	The group in designs for social relations analysis
	Distinguishable and indistinguishable dyad members
	The nature of multiple interaction designs
	The round-robin design
	Half-block design
	Half-block with a nested structure
	The symmetric block design
	The asymmetric block design
	One-with-many design
	Key person design: Nomothetic and idiographic
	Generation design
	Integrating traditional experimental and multiple interaction designs
	Summary
	References
4
Planning research for social relations modeling
	Measurement operations
	Research contexts and design implications
		Social interaction context with unidirectional measurement
		Social interaction context with reciprocal measurements
		Noninteractive context with unidirectional measurement
		Noninteractive context with reciprocal measurements
		When and where of data collection
		Entering data for social relations analysis
		Software
	Summary
	References
5
Interpersonalism: Personality processes in dyads
	From interactionism to interpersonalism
	Goals of this chapter
		Classic paradigms in personality research
			Dispositionism
			Situationism
			Interactionism
		Interactionism in a social context
		The joint contribution of personality and social psychology
	Interpersonalism: Behavior in the dyadic context
		Personality is behavior in an interpersonal context
		Personality dispositions are componential
		Behavioral consistency is adaptive
		Contextualized social roles and personality
	Interim summary
	Personality processes: Variance components and covariances
		The SRM and interpersonalism
		Reconceptualizing individual differences
			Individual-level generalized processes
			Dyadic individual differences
		Individual differences estimated by SRM component covariances
			Generalized effects
			Dyadic effects
		Cross-situational consistency of individual and dyadic personality processes
		Designing personality research
	An empirical example: Individual differences and cross-situational consistency of mice (Mus musculus) behavior in opposite ...
		Subjects, apparatus, and procedure
		Behavioral measures
		Estimation of variance components
		Mean behavior at time 1 and 2
		Actor, partner, and relationship variance components
		Cross-situational consistency of individual differences
			Cross-situational consistency of actor effects
			Cross-situational consistency of partner effects
		Bivariate generalized behavioral consistency
			Males’ olfactory exploration of females and copulation with them
			Females’ elicitation of olfactory exploration and copulation
			Unique olfactory exploration and copulation
		Nomothetic and idiographic reciprocity
		The complexity-consistency hypothesis
	Summary of the prescriptions of interpersonalism
		Personality is interpersonal behavior in context
		Behavior
		Construct validity in personality research
		Personality is multivariate
		Integration of nomothetic and idiographic approaches
		Individual differences and the cross-situational consistency of behavior
		Reciprocity
		Empirical implications
		Unification of personality research
	References
	Further reading
6
The psychophysics of trait perception: Accurately detecting minimal differences between people
	Social relations modeling of consensus and accuracy
	Psychophysics of consensual and accurate trait perception
	Variance component analysis and difference detection functions
	General experimental procedures and analyses
	Procedures: Between-subjects studies
	Variance component analyses: Between-subjects studies
	Integration of results from four between-subjects studies
	Sequential processing of trait information
	Variance component analyses: Within-subjects study
	Idiographic accuracy in the detection of minimal target differences
	Summary
	References
7
The generalized and dyadic interpersonal self
	Self in the context of others
		Conceptual importance of the self
		The componential dyadic self
	Generalized and dyadic models of the self
		Self-standards theory
		The generalized self
		The dyadic self
	An empirical example: The dyadic self in listening and intimacy
	Generalized and dyadic self-other models
		Correlational self-other models: Congruence, accuracy, and reciprocity
		Causal self-other models: Agreement, assumed self-similarity, and meta-accuracy
	Summary and conclusion
	References
	Further reading
8
Interpersonal perception
	Componential approaches to interpersonal perception
	Interpersonal perception at the individual level: Assimilation and consensus
	Origins of perceivers’ agreement and disagreement
		Theoretical explanations
		Individual differences and availability
		Differential detection and weighting of stimulus information
		Perceiver motives and goals
		Rational and less-rational judgment strategies
		Linguistic representation of others
	Dyadic interpersonal perception: Uniqueness
		Origins of unique perceptions of specific others
		Stability and instability of group, generalized, and dyadic effects
	The second Cronbach critique of interpersonal perception
	Methodological implications of the second Cronbach critique
	References
	Further reading
9
ARRMA: assumed reciprocity, reciprocity, and metaperception accuracy
	The ARRMA model
	ARRMA is a multivariate componential model
	Specification of ARRMA parameters at the individual level
	Theoretical predictions: Individual level of analysis
	Specification of ARRMA parameters at the dyadic level
	Theoretical predictions: Dyadic level of analysis
	Organization of SRM effect estimates for ARRMA analysis
		Individual level of analysis
		Dyadic level of analysis
	Model fit and comparison: Individual and dyadic levels
	Summary
	References
10
Interpersonal similarity in dyads
	Self-referenced interpersonal perception
		SRIP in a single interaction design
		SRIP in multiple interaction designs
	Self-referenced perceived interpersonal similarity
		Assumed versus perceived similarity
		Perceived similarity and interpersonal relationships
		The motivation to perceive similarity in dyads
		Social relations modeling of perceived and metaperceived similarity
		Individual-level perceived similarity phenomena across groups
		ARRMA modeling of generalized perceived similarity
		ARRMA modeling of dyadic perceived similarity
		Hypotheses: Individual-level similarity phenomena
		Hypotheses: Dyadic-level similarity phenomena
		Hypotheses: Perceived similarity across social groups
		Empirical evaluation of the perceived similarity phenomena
		Interim summary
	Profile analysis
		The vexing base rate issue when estimating dyadic similarity
		Variance component analysis of dyadic similarity
		Implications of the variance component analysis of dyadic similarity
		Modeling base rates and dyadic similarity
	Summary
	References
11
Interpersonal attraction in dyads and groups
	Aims of the chapter
	Determinants of interpersonal attraction in dyads
	Measurement operations in interpersonal attraction research
	Social relations analysis of interpersonal attraction
	Variance components in interpersonal attraction
	Variance components in metaperception of interpersonal attraction
	Consistency of interpersonal attraction across groups
	Components of interpersonal attraction across groups
	Consistency of attraction to key persons across groups
	Consistency of the key persons’ attraction to others across groups
	Undecomposed scores should not be used to estimate consistency across groups
	ARRMA model of interpersonal attraction
	Interpersonal attraction hypotheses derived using the SRM
		Variance components in interpersonal attraction within groups
		Variance components in metaperceptions within groups
		Consistency of attraction and metaperceptions of attraction across groups
	ARRMA predictions
		Individual and dyadic assumed reciprocity of attraction
		Individual and dyadic reciprocity of attraction
		Individual and dyadic metaperception accuracy
		Splitting the perceived similarity-attraction correlation
		Interpersonal attraction in the core groups of life
		Procedure, data collection, and analyses
	Summary of the  results
		Variance components in interpersonal attraction
		Variance components in metaperceptions of interpersonal attraction
		Consistency of interpersonal attraction and metaperceptions across groups
		Key persons’ interpersonal attraction to others across groups
		ARRMA parameter estimates
		Dyadic assumed reciprocity of interpersonal attraction
		Dyadic reciprocity of interpersonal attraction
		Dyadic metaperception accuracy in interpersonal attraction
		Perceived similarity and attraction: Individual and dyadic
	Interpersonal attraction among the well-acquainted
		The components of interpersonal attraction within groups
		The components of metaperceptions of attraction within groups
		Consistency of interpersonal attraction across groups
		Consistency of metaperceptions of attraction across groups
		ARRMA and interpersonal attraction
		Uniqueness in interpersonal attraction within groups
		Uniqueness in metaperception of attraction within groups
		Dyadic assumed reciprocity, reciprocity, and meta-accuracy
	Splitting the similarity-attraction correlation: Individual and dyadic
	Implications of componential analysis of interpersonal attraction
	References
12
The componential structure of social vision: Face processing
	Visual attention, categorization, and differentiation of faces (ACD)
	Perceiver, facial feature, and perceiver by facial feature effects on social vision
		Perceiver effects
		Facial feature effects
		Perceiver by facial feature interaction effects
	Hedonic relevance and face processing
	Facial features and stereotypes
	Target status and perceiver visual attention
	Unmediated and mediated effects of facial features
	Measuring visual attention
	The componential structure of visual attention to faces
	Using SRM effect estimates and variance components to test the ACD model
	Empirical applications of the componential model of face processing
	Face centricity, visual attention, and ability judgments
	Facial attractiveness and visual attention
	Interim summary
	Attractiveness and face recognition
	Facial attractiveness in human relations
	Empirical findings: Facial attractiveness and recognition memory
	Research methods: Facial attractiveness and recognition accuracy
		Stimulus faces
		Methods for presenting faces
		Experimental and quasiexperimental studies
		Attractiveness, distinctiveness, and memorability
		Modeling nested data
	Variance components: Perceiver, generalized, and idiosyncratic distinctiveness
	Generalized distinctiveness and perceived attractiveness of faces
	Recognition accuracy: Signal and noise faces
	Summary and conclusions
	References
13
Social relations modeling in groups
	The intergroup relations model
	Social relations modeling of intragroup and intergroup phenomena
	Design considerations for social relations modeling in groups
	Social relations modeling of in-group and out-group responses
		Relative group favoritism
		Group differentiation
		Differentiation of in-group and out-group members
	Social relations modeling of archival intergroup relations data
		World leader data
		East African tribal data
	Variance component analysis of out-group covariation bias
	Social relations modeling of longitudinal intergroup processes
	Simultaneous social relations modeling of intragroup and intergroup processes
	Social relations modeling with experimental and quasiexperimental groups
	Intercultural processes
	A cautionary note: Simulating ratios of SRM individual level variance components
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
14
Social relations analysis of dyadic data structures: The general case
	The problem
	Notation
	Sums of cross-products
	Variance-covariance matrix among observed scores
	The coefficient matrix
	Exact and estimated standard errors
	An example
	Monte Carlo simulations
	Alternative approaches
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
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