Social psychology

Cover......Page 1
Cover2......Page 2
Cover3......Page 3
Half Title Page......Page 4
Advisory editorial board......Page 5
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Brief Contents......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 20
About the authors......Page 24
Publisher’s acknowledgements......Page 25
Guided tour......Page 28
Chapter 1: Introducing social psychology......Page 33
 What is social psychology?......Page 35
  Social psychology and its close neighbours......Page 36
  Topics of social psychology......Page 38
  Scientific method......Page 39
  Experiments......Page 40
  Non-experimental methods......Page 43
  Data and analysis......Page 45
 Research ethics......Page 48
  Use of deception......Page 49
  Debriefing......Page 50
 Theoretical issues......Page 51
  Theories in social psychology......Page 52
  Reductionism and levels of explanation......Page 54
  Positivism......Page 55
  Social psychology in the nineteenth century......Page 57
  The rise of experimentation......Page 58
  Later influences......Page 59
 Social psychology in Europe......Page 63
 About this book......Page 65
 Summary......Page 67
 Literature, film and TV......Page 68
 Learn more......Page 69
Chapter 2: Social cognition and social thinking......Page 71
  A short history of cognition in social psychology......Page 73
  What information is important?......Page 75
  Biases in forming impressions......Page 76
  Cognitive algebra......Page 78
 Social schemas and categories......Page 80
  Types of schema......Page 81
  Categories and prototypes......Page 82
  Categorisation and stereotyping......Page 85
  Using schemas......Page 88
  Acquiring schemas......Page 90
  Changing schemas......Page 91
  Salience......Page 92
  Vividness......Page 93
 Memory for people......Page 94
  Contents of person memory......Page 95
  Using person memory......Page 97
  Departures from normality......Page 99
  Heuristics......Page 102
 Affect and emotion......Page 103
  Antecedents of affect......Page 104
  Beyond cognition and neuroscience......Page 105
 Where is the ‘social’ in social cognition?......Page 106
 Summary......Page 107
 Literature, film and TV......Page 108
 Learn more......Page 109
Chapter 3: Attribution and social explanation......Page 111
 Seeking the causes of behaviour......Page 113
  People as naive psychologists......Page 114
  From acts to dispositions......Page 115
  People as everyday scientists......Page 116
  Explaining our emotions......Page 118
  Task performance attributions......Page 120
  Individual differences and attributional styles......Page 121
  Interpersonal relationships......Page 122
 Attributional biases......Page 123
  Correspondence bias and the fundamental attribution error......Page 124
  The actor–observer effect......Page 126
  The false consensus effect......Page 127
  Self-serving biases......Page 128
 Intergroup attribution......Page 130
 Social knowledge and societal attributions......Page 133
  Social representations......Page 134
  Rumour......Page 135
  Conspiracy theories......Page 136
  Societal attributions......Page 137
  Culture’s contribution......Page 138
 Summary......Page 140
 Literature, film and TV......Page 141
 Learn more......Page 142
Chapter 4: Self and identity......Page 143
 Self and identity in historical context......Page 145
  Individual versus collective self......Page 146
  Symbolic interactionist self......Page 147
 Self-awareness......Page 149
  Self-schemas......Page 150
  Regulatory focus theory......Page 152
  Inferences from our behaviour......Page 154
  Social comparison and self-knowledge......Page 155
  Types of self and identity......Page 156
  Contextual sensitivity of self and identity......Page 157
  In search of self-coherence......Page 158
  Processes of social identity salience......Page 159
 Self-motives......Page 161
  Self-enhancement......Page 162
 Self-esteem......Page 164
  Self-esteem and social identity......Page 167
  Individual differences......Page 169
  In pursuit of self-esteem......Page 170
  Expressive self-presentation......Page 172
 Cultural differences in self and identity......Page 174
 Summary......Page 175
 Literature, film and TV......Page 177
 Learn more......Page 178
Chapter 5: Attitudes......Page 179
  A short history of attitudes......Page 181
  Attitude structure......Page 182
  Cognitive consistency......Page 183
  Cognition and evaluation......Page 184
  Decision making and attitudes......Page 186
 Can attitudes predict behaviour?......Page 187
  Beliefs, intentions and behaviour......Page 188
  Attitude accessibility......Page 196
  Attitude strength and direct experience......Page 198
  Reflecting on the attitude–behaviour link......Page 199
  Moderator variables......Page 200
  Behavioural approaches......Page 202
  Sources of learning......Page 205
  Values......Page 206
  Ideology......Page 207
  Social representations......Page 208
  Using attitude scales today......Page 209
  Physiological measures......Page 211
  Measures of overt behaviour......Page 213
  Measuring covert attitudes......Page 214
  Concluding thoughts......Page 216
 Summary......Page 217
 Literature, film and TV......Page 218
 Learn more......Page 219
Chapter 6: Persuasion and attitude change......Page 221
 Persuasive communication......Page 223
  The communicator......Page 227
  The message......Page 229
  The audience......Page 235
 Dual-process models of persuasion......Page 237
  Heuristic–systematic model......Page 238
 Compliance......Page 240
  Tactics for enhancing compliance......Page 241
  Action research......Page 245
 Cognitive dissonance and attitude change......Page 247
  Effort justification......Page 249
  Induced compliance......Page 251
  Free choice......Page 253
  Vicarious dissonance......Page 256
  A new look at cognitive dissonance......Page 257
 Resistance to persuasion......Page 258
  Inoculation......Page 259
  Attitude accessibility and strength......Page 261
 Summary......Page 262
 Literature, film and TV......Page 263
 Learn more......Page 264
Chapter 7: Social influence......Page 265
  Compliance, obedience, conformity......Page 267
  Power and influence......Page 268
 Obedience to authority......Page 271
  Factors influencing obedience......Page 272
  The formation and influence of norms......Page 276
  Yielding to majority group pressure......Page 277
  Who conforms? Individual and group characteristics......Page 281
  Situational factors in conformity......Page 283
  Processes of conformity......Page 284
 Minority influence and social change......Page 287
  Beyond conformity......Page 288
  Behavioural style and the genetic model......Page 289
  Conversion theory......Page 291
  Social identity and self-categorisation......Page 294
  Vested interest and the leniency contract......Page 295
  Attribution and social impact......Page 296
 Summary......Page 297
 Literature, film and TV......Page 298
 Learn more......Page 299
Chapter 8: People in groups......Page 301
  Categories and group entitativity......Page 303
  Groups and aggregates......Page 304
  Mere presence and audience effects: social facilitation......Page 305
  Classification of group tasks......Page 312
  Social loafing and social impact......Page 313
 Group cohesiveness......Page 319
 Group socialisation......Page 322
 Norms......Page 326
  Roles......Page 330
  Status......Page 332
  Communication networks......Page 333
  Subgroups and crosscutting categories......Page 335
  Deviants and marginal members......Page 336
  Reasons for joining groups......Page 337
  Why not join groups?......Page 338
 Summary......Page 339
 Literature, film and TV......Page 341
 Learn more......Page 342
Chapter 9: Leadership and decision making......Page 343
 Leadership......Page 345
  Defining leadership......Page 346
  Personality traits and individual differences......Page 347
  What leaders do......Page 349
  Contingency theories......Page 352
  Transactional leadership......Page 356
  Transformational leadership......Page 358
  Charisma and charismatic leadership......Page 359
  Leader perceptions and leadership schemas......Page 360
  Social identity and leadership......Page 361
  Trust and leadership......Page 364
  Gender gaps, glass ceilings and glass cliffs......Page 365
  Intergroup leadership......Page 367
 Group decision making......Page 368
  Rules governing group decisions......Page 369
  Brainstorming......Page 370
  Group memory......Page 372
  Groupthink......Page 376
  Group polarisation......Page 378
 Jury verdicts......Page 381
 Summary......Page 383
 Literature, film and TV......Page 384
 Learn more......Page 385
Chapter 10: Prejudice and discrimination......Page 387
 Nature and dimensions of prejudice......Page 389
 Prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour......Page 390
  Sexism......Page 392
  Racism......Page 399
  Ageism......Page 404
  Discrimination on the basis of physical or mental handicap......Page 405
  Reluctance to help......Page 407
  Reverse discrimination......Page 408
  Social stigma......Page 409
  Self-worth, self-esteem and psychological well-being......Page 410
  Stereotype threat......Page 412
  Attributional ambiguity......Page 413
  Self-fulfilling prophecies......Page 414
  Dehumanisation, violence and genocide......Page 416
 Explanations of prejudice and discrimination......Page 418
  Frustration–aggression......Page 419
  The authoritarian personality......Page 421
  Right-wing authoritarianism......Page 423
  Belief congruence......Page 424
  Other explanations......Page 426
 Summary......Page 427
 Literature, film and TV......Page 428
 Learn more......Page 430
Chapter 11: Intergroup behaviour......Page 431
 Relative deprivation and social unrest......Page 433
  Relative deprivation......Page 434
  Social protest and collective action......Page 438
 Realistic conflict......Page 439
  Realistic conflict theory......Page 440
  Cooperation, competition and social dilemmas......Page 442
  Minimal groups......Page 446
  Social identity theory......Page 449
 Social cognition......Page 456
  Categorisation and relative homogeneity......Page 457
  Memory......Page 458
  Distinctive stimuli and illusory correlation......Page 459
 Intergroup emotions......Page 460
 Collective behaviour and the crowd......Page 461
  Early theories......Page 462
  Deindividuation and self-awareness......Page 463
  Emergent norm theory......Page 467
  Social identity theory......Page 468
  Propaganda and education......Page 470
  Intergroup contact......Page 471
  Superordinate goals......Page 476
  Pluralism and diversity......Page 477
  Communication and negotiation......Page 478
 Summary......Page 481
 Literature, film and TV......Page 482
 Learn more......Page 483
Chapter 12: Aggression......Page 485
 Aggression in our community......Page 487
  Defining aggression......Page 488
  Measuring aggression......Page 489
  Biological explanations......Page 490
  Social and biosocial explanations......Page 493
 Personal and situational variations......Page 499
  Individual differences......Page 500
  Situational variables......Page 508
 General aggression model......Page 509
  Criminality and women......Page 510
  Cultural variation......Page 511
  Subculture of violence......Page 512
 Mass media......Page 513
  A cognitive analysis......Page 515
  Rape myths, erotica and aggression......Page 517
 Domestic violence......Page 519
  Gender asymmetry?......Page 520
  Role of society......Page 521
  War......Page 523
  Role of the person......Page 524
  Levels of explanation......Page 525
 Reducing aggression......Page 526
 Summary......Page 527
 Literature, film and TV......Page 528
 Learn more......Page 530
Chapter 13: Prosocial behaviour......Page 531
  Prosocial behaviour, helping behaviour and altruism......Page 533
  The Kitty Genovese murder......Page 534
  Biology and evolution......Page 535
  Calculating whether to help......Page 537
  Empathy and altruism......Page 539
  Learning to be helpful......Page 541
 The bystander effect......Page 544
  Latané and Darley’s cognitive model......Page 545
  Mood states......Page 550
  Attributes of the person......Page 552
  Helping to prevent crime......Page 557
  Exam cheating......Page 558
  Health support networks......Page 560
  Norms for helping......Page 561
  Motives and goals......Page 562
  Volunteers: the ultimate helpers......Page 563
 Summary......Page 564
 Literature, film and TV......Page 565
 Learn more......Page 566
Chapter 14: Attraction and close relationships......Page 567
 Attractive people......Page 569
  The role of our genes......Page 570
  Attractive faces......Page 571
  The search for ideals......Page 572
  Proximity......Page 573
  Familiarity......Page 574
  Attitude similarity......Page 575
  Assortative mating......Page 576
  Personal characteristics......Page 578
  Cultural stereotypes......Page 579
  A reinforcement approach......Page 580
  Costs and benefits......Page 581
  Social exchange, equity and justice......Page 583
  The role of norms......Page 585
  Isolation and anxiety......Page 586
  Effects of social deprivation......Page 587
  Attachment styles......Page 588
  What is love?......Page 591
  Love and romance......Page 592
  Labels and illusions......Page 593
  No greater love......Page 594
  Marriage......Page 595
  Maintaining relationships......Page 597
  For better or for worse......Page 599
  Relationship breakdown......Page 600
 Summary......Page 603
 Literature, film and TV......Page 604
 Learn more......Page 606
Chapter 15: Language and communication......Page 607
 Language......Page 609
  Language, thought and cognition......Page 610
  Paralanguage and speech style......Page 612
  Social markers in speech......Page 613
  Language, identity and ethnicity......Page 614
  Speech accommodation......Page 617
  Bilingualism and second-language acquisition......Page 618
  Intergroup language and communication......Page 621
  Variations in non-verbal behaviour......Page 624
  Using the face to express emotions......Page 625
  Facial display rules......Page 627
  Gaze and eye contact......Page 630
  Postures and gestures......Page 632
  Touch......Page 635
  Up close and personal......Page 637
  Impression management and deception......Page 639
  Conversation......Page 640
  Discourse......Page 642
 Computer-mediated communication......Page 643
 Summary......Page 645
 Literature, film and TV......Page 646
 Learn more......Page 647
Chapter 16: Culture......Page 649
 The cultural context......Page 651
  Has social psychology neglected culture?......Page 652
 Culture, history and social psychology......Page 653
  Origins in cultural anthropology......Page 654
  Rise of cross-cultural psychology......Page 655
  Culture, cognition and attribution......Page 656
  Culture, conformity and obedience......Page 657
  Culture and socialisation......Page 658
  Two kinds of self......Page 661
  Characterising cultures by values......Page 663
  Cooperation, competition and social identity......Page 666
  Characterising cultures by relationships......Page 668
 Culture through the lens of norms and identity......Page 671
  Communication, language and speech style......Page 672
  Language and understanding......Page 673
  Acculturation and culture change......Page 675
  Indigenous social psychologies......Page 678
  The search for universals......Page 679
  The multicultural challenge......Page 680
 Summary......Page 682
 Literature, film and TV......Page 683
 Learn more......Page 685
Glossary......Page 687
References......Page 698
Author index......Page 763
Subject index......Page 769