Social Psychology

1. Introduction To Social Psychology --
2. Research Methods in Social Psychology --
3. Socialization Through the Life Course --
4. Self and Self-Presentation --
5. Emotions --
6. Social Perception and Cognition --
7. Attitudes --
8. Symbolic Communication and Language --
9. Social Influence and Persuasion --
10. Altruism and Prosocial Behavior --
11. Aggression --
12. Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships --
13. Understanding Groups --
14. Group Processes --
15. Social Structure and Personality --
16. Deviant Behavior and Social Reaction --
17. Collective Behavior and Social Movements. 1. Introduction To Social Psychology --
Introduction --
What Is Social Psychology? --
A Formal Definition --
Core Concerns of Social Psychology --
Sociology, Psychology, or Both? --
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociological Social Psychology --
Symbolic Interactionism --
Group Processes --
Social Structure and Personality --
Cognitive Perspectives --
Evolutionary Theory --
Conclusion --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: An Introduction to Critical Thinking --
2. Research Methods in Social Psychology --
Introduction --
Questions about Research Methods --
Characteristics of Empirical Research --
Objectives of Research --
Research Hypotheses --
Validity of Findings --
Research Methods --
Surveys --
Field Studies and Naturalistic Observation --
Archival Research and Content Analysis --
Experiments --
Comparison of Research Methods --
Meta-Analysis --
Research in Diverse Populations --
Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research --
Potential Sources of Harm --
Institutional Safeguards --
Potential Benefits --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Importance of Sampling --
3. Socialization Through the Life Course --
Introduction --
Perspectives on Socialization --
The Developmental Perspective --
The Social Learning Perspective --
The Interpretive Perspective --
The Impact of Social Structure --
Agents of Childhood Socialization --
Family --
Peers --
School --
Mass Media --
Processes of Socialization --
Instrumental Conditioning --
Observational Learning --
Internalization --
Outcomes of Socialization --
Gender Role --
Linguistic and Cognitive Competence --
Moral Development --
Work Orientations --
The Life Course --
Components of the Life Course --
Influences on Life Course Progression --
Historical Variations --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Difference Between Truth and Validity --
4. Self and Self-Presentation --
Introduction --
The Nature and Genesis of Self --
The Self as Source and Object of Action --
Self-Differentiation --
Role Taking --
The Social Origins of Self --
Identities: The Self We Know --
Role Identities --
Social Identities --
Research on Self-Concept Formation --
The Situated Self --
Identities: The Self We Enact --
Identities and Behavior --
Choosing an Identity to Enact --
Identities as Sources of Consistency --
Self-Awareness and Self-Discrepancies --
Self-Esteem --
Assessment of Self-Esteem --
Sources of Self-Esteem --
Self-Esteem and Behavior --
Protecting Self-Esteem --
Self-Presentation --
Self-Presentation in Everyday Life --
Definition of the Situation --
Self-Disclosure --
Tactical Impression Management --
Managing Appearances --
Ingratiation --
Aligning Actions --
Altercasting --
Impression Management Online --
Detecting Deceptive Impression Management --
Ulterior Motives --
Nonverbal Cues of Deception --
Ineffective Self-Presentation and Spoiled Identities --
Embarrassment and Saving Face --
Cooling-Out and Identity Degradation --
Stigma --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Defending Against Everyday Persuasive Techniques --
5. Emotions --
Introduction --
Defining Emotions --
Classical Ideas about the Origins of Emotion --
Universal Emotions and Facial Expressions --
Facial Expressions of Emotions --
Cultural Differences in Basic Emotions and Emotional Display --
Emotional Display --
The Social Psychology of Emotions --
Cognitive Labeling Theory --
Emotion Work --
Social Emotions --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Effortful Consideration of Ideas --
6. Social Perception and Cognition --
Introduction --
Schemas --
Types of Schemas --
Schematic Processing --
Person Schemas and Group Stereotypes --
Person Schemas --
Group Stereotypes --
Impression Formation --
Trait Centrality --
First Impressions --
Impressions as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies --
Heuristics --
Attribution Theory --
Dispositional versus Situational Attributions --
Inferring Dispositions from Acts --
Covariation Model of Attribution --
Bias and Error in Attribution --
Overattribution to Dispositions --
Focus-of-Attention Bias --
Actor-Observer Difference --
Motivational Biases --
Attributions for Success and Failure --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding Stereotyping. 7. Attitudes --
Introduction --
The Nature of Attitudes --
The Components of an Attitude --
Attitude Formation --
The Functions of Attitudes --
Attitude Organization --
Attitude Structure --
Cognitive Consistency --
Balance Theory --
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance --
The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior --
Do Attitudes Predict Behavior? --
Accessibility and Activation of the Attitude --
Characteristics of the Attitude --
Attitude-Behavior Correspondence --
Situational Constraints --
Reference Groups --
The Reasoned Action Model --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Analyzing Attitudes --
8. Symbolic Communication and Language --
Introduction --
Language and Verbal Communication --
Linguistic Communication --
The Encoder-Decoder Model --
The Intentionalist Model --
The Perspective-Taking Model --
Nonverbal Communication --
Types of Nonverbal Communication --
Computer-Mediated Communication --
What's in a Face? --
Combining Nonverbal and Verbal Communication --
Social Structure and Communications --
Gender and Communication --
Social Stratification and Speech Style --
Communicating Status and Intimacy --
Normative Distances for Interaction --
Normative Distances --
Conversational Analysis --
Initiating Conversations --
Regulating Turn Taking --
Feedback and Coordination --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Importance of Clear Communication --
9. Social Influence and Persuasion --
Introduction --
Forms of Social Influence --
Attitude Change via Persuasion --
Communication-Persuasion Paradigm --
The Source --
The Message --
The Target --
Compliance with Threats and Promises --
Effectiveness of Threats and Promises --
Obedience to Authority --
Experimental Study of Obedience --
Factors Affecting Obedience to Authority --
Resisting Influence and Persuasion --
Inoculation --
Forewarning --
Reactance --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Evaluating Persuasive Messages --
10. Altruism and Prosocial Behavior --
Introduction --
Motivation to Help --
Egoism --
Altruism and Empathetic Concern --
Evolutionary Perspectives --
Characteristics of the Needy that Foster Helping --
Acquaintanceship and Liking --
Similarity --
Deservingness --
Normative Factors in Helping --
Norms of Responsibility and Reciprocity --
Personal Norms --
Gender Norms --
Situational Influences --
Modeling --
Mood --
Costs --
Bystander Intervention in Emergency Situations --
The Decision to Intervene --
The Bystander Effect --
Seeking and Receiving Help --
Other Forms of Prosocial Behavior --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Creative Thinking --
11. Aggression --
Introduction --
What Is Aggression? --
Aggression and the Motivation to Harm --
Aggression as Instinct --
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis --
Aversive Emotional Arousal --
Social Learning and Aggression --
Characteristics of Targets that Influence Aggression --
Gender and Race --
Attribution of Intention --
Retaliatory Capacity --
Situational Impacts on Aggression --
Potential Rewards --
Modeling --
Norms --
Stress --
Aggressive Cues --
Reducing Aggressive Behavior --
Reducing Frustration --
Punishment --
Nonaggressive Models --
Catharsis --
Aggression in Society --
Sexual Assault --
Pornography and Violence --
Media Violence and Aggression --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Applying Scientific Research to Policy Decisions --
12. Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships --
Introduction --
Who Is Available? --
Routine Activities --
Proximity --
Familiarity --
Who Is Desirable? --
Social Norms --
Physical Attractiveness --
Exchange Processes --
The Determinants of Liking --
Similarity --
Shared Activities --
Reciprocal Liking --
The Growth of Relationships --
Self-Disclosure --
Trust --
Interdependence --
Love and Loving --
Liking versus Loving --
Passionate Love --
The Romantic Love Ideal --
Love as a Story --
Breaking Up --
Progress? Chaos? --
Unequal Outcomes and Instability --
Differential Commitment and Dissolution --
Responses to Dissatisfaction --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: (Relationship) Decision Making and Problem Solving. 13. Understanding Groups --
Introduction --
What Is a Group? --
Group Cohesion --
The Nature of Group Cohesion --
Sources and Consequences of Cohesion --
Group Goals --
Group Goals and Individual Goals --
Group Norms --
Functions of Norms --
Conformity and Influence --
Increasing Conformity --
Intergroup Conflict --
Effects of Intergroup Conflict on Within Group Processes --
Sources of Intergroup Conflict --
Realistic Group Conflict --
Social Identity --
Aversive Events --
Persistence of Intergroup Conflict --
Out-Group Homogeneity --
Group Stereotypes and Images --
Ultimate Attribution Error --
Biased Evaluation of Group Preferences --
Resolving Intergroup Conflict --
Superordinate Goals --
Intergroup Contact --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Promoting Higher Order Cognitive Skills --
14. Group Processes --
Introduction --
The Systematic Study of Groups --
Status and Expectations --
Status Characteristics --
Status Generalization --
Overcoming Status Generalization --
Status Construction and Status Value --
Group Decision Making --
Groupthink --
Risky Shift, Cautious Shift, and Group Polarization --
Social Exchange --
Power and Dependence --
Commitment and Trust --
Forms of Exchange --
Contemporary Exchange Theories --
Equity and Justice --
Distributive Justice Principles --
Responses to Inequity --
Procedural Justice --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding Theory as a Bridge --
15. Social Structure and Personality --
Introduction --
Status Attainment --
Occupational Status --
Intergenerational Mobility --
Individual Values --
Occupational Role --
Education --
Social Influences on Health --
Physical Health --
Mental Health --
Alienation --
Self-Estrangement --
Powerlessness --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Thinking as Hypothesis Testing --
16. Deviant Behavior and Social Reaction --
Introduction --
The Violation of Norms --
Norms --
Anomie Theory --
Control Theory --
Differential Association Theory --
Routine Activities Perspective --
Reactions to Norm Violations --
Reactions to Rule Breaking --
Determinants of the Reaction --
Consequences of Labeling --
Labeling and Secondary Deviance --
Societal Reaction --
Secondary Deviance --
Formal Social Controls --
Formal Labeling and the Creation of Deviance --
Long-Term Effects of Formal Labeling --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Applying Stigmatizing Labels Critically --
17. Collective Behavior and Social Movements --
Introduction --
Collective Behavior --
Crowds --
Gatherings --
Underlying Causes of Collective Behavior --
Precipitating Incidents --
Empirical Studies of Riots --
Social Movements --
Preconditions --
Ideology and Framing --
Recruitment --
Mobilization --
Conservative Movements in the United States --
Summary --
List of Key Terms and Concepts --
Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Difference Between Anecdotal and Scientific Evidence.