Social psychology

Cover
Frontmatter
	Half title
	Title
	Imprint
	Brief contents
	Detailed contents
	Preface
	About the authors
	Guided tour
Chapter 1 Introducing social psychology
	What is social psychology?
		Social psychology and its close neighbours
		Topics of social psychology
	Methodological issues
		Scientific method
		Experiments
		Non-experimental methods
		Data and analysis
	Research ethics
		Physical welfare of participants
		Respect for privacy
		Use of deception
		Informed consent
		Debriefing
	Theoretical issues
		Theories in social psychology
		Social psychology in crisis?
		Reductionism and levels of explanation
		Positivism
	Historical context
		Social psychology in the 19th century
		The rise of experimentation
		Later influences
		The journals
	Social psychology in Australia and New Zealand
		Its origins
		Later trends
	About this book
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 2 Social cognition and social thinking
	Social psychology and cognition
		A short history of cognition in social psychology
	Forming impressions of other people
		Which impressions are important?
		Biases in forming impressions
		Cognitive algebra
	Social schemas and categories
		Types of schema
		Categories and prototypes
		Categorisation and stereotyping
	How we use, acquire and change schemas
		Using schemas
		Acquiring schemas
		Changing schemas
	Social encoding
		Salience
		Vividness
		Accessibility
	Memory for people
		Contents of person memory
		Organising person memory
		Using person memory
	Social inference
		Departures from normality
		Heuristics
		Improving social inference
	Affect and emotion
		Antecedents of affect
		Consequences of affect
		Beyond cognition and neuroscience
	Where is the ‘social’ in social cognition?
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 3 Attribution and social explanation
	Seeking the causes of behaviour
	How do we attribute causality, and why is it important?
		People as naive psychologists
		From acts to dispositions
		People as everyday scientists
	Extensions of attribution theory
		Explaining our emotions
		Attributions for our own behaviour
		Acts that are stable and controlled
	Applying attribution theory
		Individual differences and attributional styles
		Interpersonal relationships
	Biases in attribution
		Correspondence bias and the fundamental attribution error
		The actor–observer effect
		The false consensus effect
		Self-serving biases
	Intergroup attribution
		Attribution and stereotyping
	Social knowledge and societal attributions
		Social representations
		Rumour
		Conspiracy theories
		Societal attributions
		Culture’s contribution
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 4 Self and identity
	Who are you?
	Self and identity in historical context
		Psychodynamic self
		Individual versus collective self
		Collective self
		Symbolic interactionist self
	Self-awareness
	Self-knowledge
		Self-schemas
		Regulatory focus theory
		Inferences from our behaviour
		Social comparison and self-knowledge
	Many selves, multiple identities
		Types of self and identity
		Contextual sensitivity of self and identity
		The search for self-coherence
	Social identity theory
		Functions of personal and social identity
		Processes of social identity salience
		Some consequences of social identity salience
	Self-motives
		Self-assessment and self-verification
		Self-enhancement
	Self-esteem
		Self-esteem and social identity
		Individual differences
		In pursuit of self-esteem
		Fear of death
	Self-presentation
		Strategic self-presentation
		Expressive self-presentation
	Cultural differences in self and identity
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 5 Attitudes
	Structure and function of attitudes
		A short history of attitudes
		Attitude structure
		Attitude functions
		Cognitive consistency
		Cognition and evaluation
		Decision making and attitudes
	Can attitudes predict behaviour?
		Beliefs, intentions and behaviour
		Attitude accessibility
		Attitude strength and direct experience
		Reflecting on the attitude–behaviour link
		Moderator variables
	Forming attitudes
		Behavioural approaches
		Cognitive development
		Sources of learning
	Concepts related to attitudes
		Values
		Ideology
		Social representations
	Measuring attitudes
		Attitude scales
		Using attitude scales today
		Physiological measures
		Measures of overt behaviour
		Measuring covert attitudes
		Concluding thoughts
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 6 Persuasion and attitude change
	Attitudes, arguments and behaviour
	Persuasive communication
		The communicator
		The message
		The audience
		Dual-process models of persuasion
	Compliance
		Tactics for enhancing compliance
		Action research
	Cognitive dissonance and attitude change
		Effort justification
		Induced compliance
		Free choice
		The role of self
		Vicarious dissonance
		Alternative views to dissonance
		A new look at cognitive dissonance
	Resistance to persuasion
		Reactance
		Forewarning
		Inoculation
		Attitude accessibility and strength
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 7 Social influence
	Types of social influence
		Compliance, obedience, conformity
		Power and influence
	Obedience to authority
		Factors influencing obedience
		The ethical legacy of Milgram’s experiments
	Conformity
		The formation and influence of norms
		Yielding to majority group pressure
		Who conforms? Individual and group characteristics
		Situational factors in conformity
		Processes of conformity
	Minority influence and social change
		Beyond conformity
		Behavioural style and the genetic model
		Conversion theory
		Convergent–divergent theory
		Social identity and self-categorisation
		Vested interest and the leniency contract
		Attribution and social impact
		Two processes or one?
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 8 People in groups
	What is a group?
		Categories and group entitativity
		Common-bond and common-identity groups
		Groups and aggregates
		Definitions
	Group effects on individual performance
		Mere presence and audience effects: social facilitation
		Classification of group tasks
		Social loafing and social impact
	Group cohesiveness
	Group socialisation
	Norms
	Group structure
		Roles
		Status
		Communication networks
		Subgroups and cross-cutting categories
		Deviants and marginal members
	Why do people join groups?
		Reasons for joining groups
		Motivations for affliation and group formation
		Why do people not join groups?
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 9 Leadership and decision making
	Leaders and group decisions
	Leadership
		Defining leadership
		Personality traits and individual differences
		Situational perspectives
		What leaders do
		Contingency theories
		Transactional leadership
		Transformational leadership
		Charisma and charismatic leadership
		Leader perceptions and leadership schemas
		Social identity and leadership
		Trust and leadership
		Gender gaps, glass ceilings and glass cliffs
		Intergroup leadership
	Group decision making
		Rules governing group decisions
		Brainstorming
		Group memory
		Groupthink
		Group polarisation
	Jury verdicts
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 10 Prejudice and discrimination
	Nature and dimensions of prejudice
	Prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour
	Targets of prejudice and discrimination
		Sexism
		Racism
		Ageism
	Forms of discrimination
		Reluctance to help
		Tokenism
		Reverse discrimination
	Stigma and other effects of prejudice
		Social stigma
		Self-worth, self-esteem and psychological wellbeing
		Stereotype threat
		Failure and disadvantage
		Attributional ambiguity
		Self-fulfilling prophecies
		Dehumanisation, violence and genocide
	Explanations of prejudice and discrimination
		Frustration–aggression
		The authoritarian personality
		Dogmatism and closed-mindedness
		Right-wing authoritarianism
		Social dominance theory
		Belief congruence
		Other explanations
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 11 Intergroup behaviour
	What is intergroup behaviour?
	Relative deprivation and social unrest
		Relative deprivation
		Social protest and collective action
	Realistic conflict
		Realistic conflict theory
		Cooperation, competition and social dilemmas
	Social identity
		Minimal groups
		Social identity theory
	Social cognition
		Categorisation and relative homogeneity
		Memory
		Distinctive stimuli and illusory correlation
		Optimal distinctiveness
	Intergroup emotions
	Collective behaviour and the crowd
		Early theories
		Deindividuation and self-awareness
		Emergent norm theory
		Social identity theory
	Improving intergroup relations
		Propaganda and education
		Intergroup contact
		Superordinate goals
		Pluralism and diversity
		Communication and negotiation
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 12 Aggression
	Aggression in our community
	Definitions and measurement
		Defining aggression
		Measuring aggression
	General theoretical perspectives
		Biological explanations
		Social and biosocial explanations
		How useful is theory?
	Personal and situational variations
		Individual differences
		Situational variables
	General aggression model
	Societal influences
		Disadvantaged groups
		Criminality and women
		Cultural variation
		Subculture of violence
	Mass media
		A cognitive analysis
		Rape myths, erotica and aggression
	Domestic violence
		Gender asymmetry?
		Hurting the one we ‘love’
	Institutionalised aggression
		Role of society
		War
		Role of the state
		Role of the person
		Levels of explanation
	Reducing aggression
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 13 Prosocial behaviour
	Now for something completely different
		Prosocial behaviour, helping behaviour and altruism
		The Kitty Genovese murder
	Why and when people help
		Biology and evolution
		Empathy and arousal
		Calculating whether to help
		Empathy and altruism
		Learning to be helpful
	The bystander effect
		Latané and Darley’s cognitive model
	The person in the equation
		Mood states
		Attributes of the person
	Applied contexts
		Helping to prevent crime
		Shop stealing
		Exam cheating
		Health support networks
	Receiving help
	Norms, motives and volunteering
		Norms for helping
		Motives and goals
		Volunteers: the ultimate helpers
	Concluding thoughts
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 14 Attraction and close relationships
	Liking, loving and affiliating
	Attractive people
	Evolution and attraction
		The role of our genes
		Attractive faces
		The search for ideals
	What increases liking?
		Proximity
		Familiarity
		Attitude similarity
		Social matching
		Assortative mating
		Personal characteristics
		Cultural stereotypes
	Attraction and rewards
		A reinforcement approach
		Relationships as a social exchange
		Social exchange, equity and justice
		The role of norms
	Attachment
		Social isolation and the need to affiliate
		Isolation and anxiety
		Effects of social deprivation
		Attachment styles
	Close relationships
		What is love?
		Love and romance
		Love and illusions
		Marriage
		Same-sex romantic relationships
	Relationships that work (and those that don’t)
		Maintaining relationships
		For better or for worse
		Relationship breakdown
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 15 Language and communication
	Communication
	Language
		Language, thought and cognition
		Paralanguage and speech style
		Social markers in speech
		Language, identity and ethnicity
		Speech accommodation
		Bilingualism and second-language acquisition
		Intergroup language and communication
	Communicating without words
		Functions of non-verbal communication
		Variations in non-verbal behaviour
		Using the face to express emotions
		Facial display rules
		Gaze and eye contact
		Postures and gestures
		Touch
		Up close and personal
		Impression management and deception
	Conversation and discourse
		Conversation
		Discourse
	Computer-mediated communication
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Chapter 16 Culture
	The cultural context
	Locating culture in social psychology
		Has social psychology neglected culture?
		Defining culture
	Culture, history and social psychology
		Origins in cultural anthropology
		Rise of cross-cultural psychology
	Culture, thought and behaviour
		Culture, cognition and attribution
		Culture, conformity and obedience
		Culture and socialisation
	Two psyches: East meets West
		Two kinds of self
	Dimensions for comparing cultures
		Characterising cultures by values
		Individualism and collectivism
		Cooperation, competition and social identity
		Collectivism and prosocial behaviour
		Characterising cultures by relationships
	Culture through the lens of norms and identity
	Contact between cultures
		Communication, language and speech style
		Language and understanding
		Acculturation and culture change
	Testing social psychology cross-culturally
		The cross-cultural challenge
		Indigenous social psychologies
		The search for universals
		The multicultural challenge
		Managing cultural diversity
		Where to from here?
	Summary
	Literature, film and TV
	Guided questions
	Learn more
Glossary
References
Author index
Subject index