Sobotta Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy

Front Cover
Sobotta: Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy
Dedication
Sobotta: Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy
Copyright
Preface
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Color Chart
Picture Credits
Table of Content
1
General Anatomy
	Surface Anatomy
	Anatomical Regions
	Anatomical Terminology
	Anatomical Planes
	Axes of Movement
	Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity
	Basic Movements of the Lower Extremity
	Basic Movements of Head, Neck and Trunk
	Anatomical Systems
	Musculoskeletal System
	Types of Bones
	Bone Ossification
	Structure of Bones
	Types of Joints
	Synovial Joints
	Types of Cartilage
	Types of Muscle
	Skeletal Muscle – Structure
	Skeletal Muscle – Architecture
	Connective Tissue
	Tendons and Ligaments
	Integumentary System
	Hair
	Nails
	Cardiorespiratory System
	Arteries
	Veins
	Lymphatic System
	Digestive System
	Endocrine System
	Reproductive System
	Urinary System
	Nervous System – Organization
	Central Nervous System
	Peripheral Nervous System
2
Back and Spine
	Surface Anatomy of the Back
	Organization of the Spine
	Curvatures of the Spine
	Vertebrae – Basic Features
	Vertebrae – Foramina
	Vertebral Column – Segmental Motion
	Intervertebral Discs
	Facet Joints
	Vertebral Ligaments
	Cervical Spine
	Cervical Vertebrae – Distinguishing Features
	Occiput (C0) and Atlas (C1)
	Axis (C2)
	Atlanto-occipital and Atlantoaxial Joints
	Cervical Spine – Ligaments
	Cervical Spine – Movements
	Anterior Muscles of the Cervical Region – Superficial
	Anterior Muscles of the Cervical Region – Deep
	Posterior Muscles of the Cervical Region – Superficial
	Posterior Muscles of the Cervical Region – Deep
	Thoracic Spine
	Thoracic Vertebrae – Distinguishing Features
	Lumbar Spine
	Lumbar Vertebrae – Distinguishing Features
	Thoracolumbar Movements
	Muscles of the Back – Superficial and Intermediate
	Muscles of the Back – Intermediate
	Muscles of the Back – Deep
	Sacrum
	Coccyx
	Abdominal Muscles
	Anterior Abdominal Wall
	Posterior Abdominal Wall
	Vessels of the Vertebral Column
3
Upper Extremity
	Surface Anatomy of the Shoulder Region and Upper Trunk
	Surface Anatomy of the Arm, Forearm, Wrist and Hand
	Overview of Bones
	Shoulder Girdle
	Clavicle
	Scapula
	Proximal Humerus
	Sternoclavicular Joint
	Acromioclavicular Joint
	Glenohumeral Joint
	Glenohumeral Joint
	Glenohumeral Joint
	Shoulder Movements
	Scapulohumeral Movement
	Muscles of the Anterior Shoulder
	Muscles of the Posterior Shoulder – Superficial
	Muscles of the Posterior Shoulder – Deep
	Muscles of the Shoulder – Rotator Cuff
	Axilla
	Innervation of the Shoulder – Brachial Plexus
	Arteries of the Shoulder
	Neurovascular Structures of the Arm
	Surface Anatomy of the Arm and Elbow
	Bones of the Elbow Joint
	Elbow Joint and Ligaments
	Elbow Joint Alignment
	Elbow Joint Movements
	Muscles of the Anterior Arm – Biceps Region
	Muscles of the Posterior Arm – Triceps Region
	Cubital Fossa
	Neurovascular Structures of the Elbow Region
	Surface Anatomy of the Forearm, Wrist and Hand
	Bones of the Forearm, Wrist and Hand
	Ulna
	Radius
	Bones of Wrist and Hand
	Wrist Joints
	Wrist Ligaments
	Wrist Movements
	Joints and Ligaments of the Fingers
	Finger and Thumb Movements
	Muscles of the Forearm – An Overview
	Muscles of the Anterior Forearm – Superficial
	Muscles of the Anterior Forearm – Deep
	Muscles of the Posterior Forearm – Superficial
	Muscles of the Posterior Forearm – Deep
	Neurovascular Structures of Forearm
	Flexor Retinaculum and Carpal Tunnel
	Extensor Retinaculum
	Muscles of the Hand – Thenar Region
	Muscles of the Hand – Hypothenar Region
	Muscles of the Hand – Central Compartment
	Neurovascular Structures of the Wrist and Hand
	Arterial Arches of the Hand
	Brachial Plexus of Nerves
	Brachial Plexus – Supraclavicular Branches
	Brachial Plexus – Infraclavicular Branches of the Posterior Cord
	Brachial Plexus – Infraclavicular Branches of the Posterior Cord
	Brachial Plexus – Infraclavicular Branches of the Lateral and Medial Cord
	Brachial Plexus – Infraclavicular Branches of the Lateral and Medial Cord
	Sensory Innervation – Cutaneous Nerves
	Sensory Innervation – Dermatomes
	Arteries
	Veins and Lymphatic Nodes/Vessels
	Veins and Lymphatic Nodes/Vessels
4
Lower Extremity
	Surface Anatomy – Overview
	Surface Anatomy of the Pelvis and Thigh
	Pelvic Girdle
	Hip Bone – Os coxae
	Joints and Ligaments of the Pelvis
	Pelvic Foramina
	Femur
	Hip Joint
	Hip Joint
	Hip Joint – Functional Anatomy
	Hip Joint Movements
	Muscles of the Posterior Hip
	Muscles of the Posterior Hip – Deep
	Muscles of the Anterior Hip
	Muscles of the Anterior Hip – Deep
	Muscles of the Anterior Thigh – Quadriceps
	Muscles of the Medial Thigh – Groin
	Muscles of the Posterior Thigh – Hamstrings
	Neurovascular Structures – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh
	Neurovascular Structures – Anterior and Medial Thigh
	Surface Anatomy of the Knee
	Knee joint
	Bones of the Knee
	Bones of the Knee
	Knee Joint Movements
	Knee – Functional Anatomy
	Collateral Ligaments of the Knee
	Cruciate Ligaments of the Knee
	Menisci of the Knee
	Patella
	Patellofemoral Joint
	Knee Bursae
	Popliteal Region of the Knee
	Neurovascular Structures of the Knee
	Surface Anatomy of the Lower Leg, Ankle and Foot
	Bones of the Lower Leg
	Tibia
	Fibula
	Bones of the Foot
	Bones of the Foot
	Ankle Movements
	Ankle – Talocrural Joint
	Ankle – Subtalar Joint
	Ankle Ligaments
	Joints of the Foot
	Muscular Compartments of the Lower Leg
	Muscles of the Anterior Compartment
	Muscles of the Lateral Compartment
	Muscles of the Posterior Compartment – Superficial
	Muscles of the Posterior Compartment – Deep
	Retinacula and Tendinous Sheaths
	Muscles of the Foot – Dorsum
	Muscles of the Foot – 1st and 2nd Plantar Layers
	Muscles of the Foot – 3rd and 4th Plantar Layers
	Arches of the Foot
	Gait
	Neurovascular Structures of the Lower Leg, Ankle and Foot
	Neurovascular Structures of the Lower Leg, Ankle and Foot
	Lumbosacral Plexus of Nerves
	Lumbar Plexus – Motor Innervation
	Sacral Plexus – Motor Innervation
	Sensory Innervation – Cutaneous Nerves
	Sensory Innervation – Dermatomes
	Arteries
	Arteries
	Veins
	Lymphatic Vessels
5
Thorax
	Surface Anatomy
	Surface Anatomy
	Surface Anatomy
	Surface Anatomy
	Cutaneous Innervation
	Mammary Gland
	Mammary Gland – Blood Supply
	Mammary Gland – Lymphatic Drainage
	Rib Cage and Sternum
	Ribs and Costovertebral Joints
	Intercostal Muscles
	Diaphragm
	Diaphragm
	Muscles of Respiration
	Thoracic Wall – Blood Supply
	Thoracic Wall – Neurovascular Structures
	Thoracic Wall – Neurovascular Structures
	Pleural Cavities
	Pleural Cavities
	Lungs
	Lungs
	Lungs
	Lungs – Blood Vessels
	Lungs – Lymphatic Drainage
	Mediastinum
	Mediastinum
	Mediastinum
	Surface Projection of the Heart
	Pericardium
	Pericardium
	Heart
	Heart – Cardiac Muscle and Cardiac Skeleton
	Heart – Right Atrium and Ventricle
	Heart – Left Atrium and Ventricle
	Cardiac Valves
	Cardiac Valves
	Cardiac Valves
	Great Vessels and Heart – Cross-Sectional Anatomy
	Coronary Arteries
	Coronary Arteries
	Coronary Arteries
	Cardiac Veins
	Conducting System of the Heart
	Innervation of the Heart
	Prenatal and Postnatal Blood Circulation
	Superior Mediastinum – Blood Vessels
	Cross-Sectional Anatomy – Blood Vessels of the Superior Mediastinum
	Cross-Sectional Anatomy – Blood Vessels of the Superior Mediastinum
	Posterior Mediastinum – Neurovascular Structures
	Posterior Mediastinum – Neurovascular Structures
	Posterior Mediastinum – Neurovascular 
Structures
6
Abdomen
	Surface Anatomy
	Cutaneous Innervation
	Abdominal Wall – Blood Supply
	Abdominal Wall – Venous and Lymphatic Drainage
	Abdominal Wall – Layers of the Anterolateral Wall
	Abdominal Wall – Internal Aspect
	Inguinal Region – Surface Anatomy of Inguinal Canal
	Inguinal Region – Spermatic Cord
	Inguinal Region – Inguinal Canal and Fascias
	Inguinal Region – Hernias
	Inguinal Region – Retroinguinal Space
	Abdominal Peritoneal Cavity – Development
	Abdominal Peritoneal Cavity – Intestinal Rotation
	Abdominal Peritoneal Cavity – Greater Sac
	Abdominal Peritoneal Cavity – Lesser Sac
	Abdominal Peritoneal Cavity – Posterior Wall
	Esophagus – Topography
	Esophagus – Neurovascular Structures and Lymphatics
	Esophagus – Venous Drainage
	Esophagus – Gastro-esophageal Junction
	Stomach – Structure and Topography
	Stomach – Blood Supply
	Stomach – Venous Drainage
	Stomach – Lymphatic Drainage
	Stomach – Innervation
	Stomach – Cross-Sectional Anatomy
	Small Intestines – Duodenum – Topography
	Small Intestines – Duodenum – Blood Supply
	Small Intestines – Jejunum and Ileum – Topography
	Small Intestines – Jejunum and Ileum – Wall Structure
	Large Intestines – Colon – Topography and Structure
	Large Intestines – Cecum and Appendix vermiformis
	Intestines – Cross-Sectional Anatomy
	Intestines – Blood Supply
	Intestines – Lymphatic Drainage
	Intestines – Innervation
	Arteries of Abdominal Viscera
	Liver – Structure and Topography
	Liver – Segments
	Liver – Peritoneal Attachments
	Liver – Arterial Supply
	Liver – Blood Flow
	Liver – Hepatic Portal Vein
	Liver – Portocaval Anastomoses
	Liver – Lymphatic Pathways of Liver and Gall Bladder
	Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts – Topography and Structure
	Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts – Triangle of CALOT
	Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts – Sphincters
	Pancreas – Topography
	Pancreas – Cross-Sectional Anatomy
	Pancreas – Excretory Ducts
	Pancreas – Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage
	Spleen
	Kidneys and Ureters – Posterior Abdominal Wall
	Kidneys and Ureters – Topography
	Kidneys and Ureters – Renal Fascia
	Kidneys and Ureters – Spatial Relations
	Kidneys and Ureters – Blood Supply
	Kidneys and Ureters – Structural Organization
	Kidneys and Ureters – Functional Organization
	Kidneys and Ureters – Ureter Topography
	Kidneys and Ureters– Proximity to Lumbar Plexus
	Suprarenal (Adrenal) Gland – Structure and Blood Supply
	Kidney, Ureter and Suprarenal Gland – Innervation and Lymphatic Drainage
	Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
	Autonomic Innervation of Abdominal Viscera
	Lymphatic Drainage Pathways in the Abdomen
7
Pelvis
	Surface Anatomy
	Male and Female Pelvis
	Male and Female Pelvis – Pelvic Cavity
	Pelvic Floor – Schematic
	Pelvic Floor – Muscles
	Pelvic Viscera – Overview – Female
	Pelvic Viscera – Overview – Male
	Rectum and Anal Canal
	Rectum and Anal Canal – Anal Sphincter Apparatus
	Rectum and Canal Anal – Innervation
	Rectum and Anal Canal – Blood Supply
	Rectum and Anal Canal – Mesorectum and Lymphatic Drainage
	Urinary Bladder
	Urinary Bladder
	Male Urethra
	Female Urethra
	Male Pelvic Viscera – Accessory Sex Glands
	Male Pelvic Viscera – Cross-Sectional Anatomy
	Female Pelvic Viscera – Position
	Female Pelvic Viscera – Development
	Female Pelvic Viscera – Peritoneal Ligaments
	Female Pelvic Viscera – Peritoneal Cross-Sectional Anatomy
	Female Pelvic Viscera – Peritoneal Ligaments
	Female Pelvic Vicera – Subperitoneal Ligaments
	Female Pelvic Viscera – Subperitoneal Cross-Sectional Anatomy
	Female Pelvic Viscera – Blood Supply
	Female Pelvic Viscera – Venous and Lymphatic Drainage
	Female Pelvic Viscera – Innervation
	Male Genitalia – Penis
	Male Genitalia – Scrotum and Testis
	Male Genitalia – Testis and Epididymis
	Male Genitalia – Blood Supply
	Male Genitalia – Innervation
	Male Genitalia – Lymphatic Drainage
	Perineum – Surface Anatomy
	Female Perineum – External Genitalia
	Female Perineum – Cross-Sectional Anatomy
	Female Perineum – Blood Supply
	Female Perineum – Innervation
	Female Perineum – Episiotomy
	Male Perineum – Muscles
	Male Perineum – Blood Supply and Innervation
	Male Perineum – Cross-Sectional Anatomy
	Ischioanal Fossa
	Perineal Spaces – Deep and Superficial
	Perineal Spaces – Deep and Superficial
	Pelvic Arteries
	Pelvic Veins
	Pelvic Nerves
	Pelvic Nerves – Autonomic
8
Head
	Surface Anatomy
	Skull
	Facial Muscles
	Neurovascular Supply
	Paranal Sinuses
	Neurovascular Supply to the Nasal Cavity
	Oral Cavity
	Bones of the Oral Cavity
	Temporomandibular Joint
	Muscles of Mastication
	Dentition and Gingiva
	Dentition
	Dentition
	Hard Palate
	Neurovascular Supply to the Teeth
	Mucosa and Innervation of the Tongue
	Muscles of the Tongue
	Neurovascular Supply of the Tongue
	Tonsils
	Soft Palate
	Hyoid Bone and Floor of Oral Cavity
	Floor of Mouth
	Salivary Glands
	Innervation of Glands of the Head
9
Eye
	Surface Anatomy
	Eyelids
	Bones of the Orbit
	Anterior Orbit
	Periorbital Blood Supply
	Lacrimal Gland and Innervation
	Lacrimal Apparatus
	Extraocular Muscles
	Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
	Neurovascular Structures in the Orbit
	Orbital Levels and Content
	Orbital Levels and Content
	Eyeball and Blood Supply
	Iris and Ciliary Body
	Pupillary Reflexes
	Ocular Fundus
	Retina and Central Visual Pathway
10
Ear
	Surface Anatomy
	External Acoustic Meatus
	Temporal Bone
	Middle Ear – Tympanic Membrane
	Middle Ear – Auditory Ossicles
	Middle Ear – Pharyngotympanic Tube
	Middle Ear – Neighboring Structures
	Middle Ear – Blood Supply and Innervation
	Inner Ear – Petrous Part of Temporal Bone
	Inner Ear – Bony and Membranous Labyrinth
	Inner Ear – Cochlea
	Inner Ear – Mechanoelectrical Conduction
	Central Auditory Pathways
	Inner Ear – Vestibular Labyrinth
	Central Vestibular Pathways
11
Neck
	Surface Anatomy of the Neck
	Triangles of the Neck
	Cervical Fascia
	Retropharyngeal Space
	Anterior and Posterior Cervical Region – Superficial Layer
	Anterior and Posterior Cervical Region – Vessels and Nerves
	Anterior and Posterior Cervical Region – Deep Layer
	Cervical Plexus
	Subclavian and Vertebral Arteries
	Anterior Cervical Region – Surface Anatomy and Superficial Layer
	Anterior Cervical Region – Neurovascular Structures
	Pharyngeal Spaces
	Pharyngeal Spaces
	Pharyngeal Muscles
	Pharyngeal Neurovascular Structures and Parapharyngeal Space
	Pharyngeal Neurovascular Structures and Parapharyngeal Space
	Swallowing (Deglutition)
	Larynx and Laryngeal Cartilages
	Laryngeal Cartilages
	Laryngeal Cartilages and Vocal Cords
	Laryngeal Muscles
	Laryngoscopy
	Endotracheal Procedures
	Laryngeal Spaces
	Laryngeal Neurovascular Structures
	Development of the Thyroid Gland
	Thyroid Gland
	Neurovascular Structures of the Thyroid Gland
	Topography of the Thyroid Gland
	Parathyroid Glands
	Lymphatic Drainage of the Neck
	Superior Thoracic Aperture
12
Neuroanatomy
	Major Parts of the Brain and Orientation
	Structure of the Brain
	Meninges of the Brain
	Arterial Blood Supply to the Meninges of the Brain
	Venous Sinuses
	Venous Sinuses and Diploic Veins
	Venous Drainage of the Brain
	Arterial Blood Supply of the Brain
	Internal Carotid Artery
	Circle of WILLIS
	Cerebral and Cerebellar Arteries
	Cerebral Arteries
	Vascular Territories of Cerebral and Cerebellar Arteries
	Meninges of the Spinal Cord
	Arterial Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord
	Spinal Cord within the Vertebral Canal
	Ventricular System
	Blood-Brain/CSF-Barrier and Circumventricular Organs
	Cranial Nerves – Overview
	Cranial Nerves – Topography and Fiber Qualities
	Cranial Nerves – Location of Cranial Nerve Nuclei in the Brainstem
	Cranial Nerves – Summary of Nuclei of Cranial Nerves
	Cranial Nerves – Sensory and Parasympathetic Ganglia
	Fila olfactoria [CN I]
	CN III, CN IV, CN VI
	Trigeminal Nerve [CN V]
	Ophtalmic Branch [CN V/1]
	Maxillary Branch [CN V/2]
	Mandibular Branch [CN V/3]
	Facial Nerve [CN VII]
	Glossopharyngeal Nerve [CN IX]
	Vagus Nerve [CN X]
	Special Senses: Sensory System of Tongue and Taste
	Spinal Accessory Nerve [CN XI]
	Hypoglossal Nerve [CN XII]
	Autonomic Nervous System – General Principles
	Autonomic Outflow and Target Organs
	Sympathetic Outflow
	Relationship of Sympathetic Outflow with Spinal Nerves
	Autonomic Nervous System – HORNER’s Syndrome
	Spinal Cord – Segments and Nomenclature
	Spinal Cord – Function
	Spinal Nerves
	Spinal Cord – Reflexes
	Spinal Cord – Segmental Organization
	Spinal Cord – Sensory Pathways
	Spinal Cord – Motor Pathways
	Spinal Cord Lesions
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Z