Smuggling and Trafficking of Migrants in Southern Europe: Criminal Actors, Dynamics and Migration Policies

Front Cover
Smuggling and Trafficking of Migrants in Southern Europe: Criminal Actors, Dynamics and Migration Policies
Copyright information
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Figures and Tables
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction
	Research questions, methodology and sources
	The distinction between smuggling and trafficking
	The structure of the book
2 Theoretical Frameworks on Migrant Smuggling
	The business model versus the social system
	Critical points and aporias
	Organizational crime models of smuggling
		Hierarchical organization
		Network model
		Network of individuals
		The main characteristics of the three organizational crime models
3 Irregular Migration Towards Southern Europe
	Irregular migrants arriving in Spain
	Along the Atlantic Ocean route to the Canary Islands
	From Morocco and Algeria to the south-east Spanish coast
	Irregular migrants arriving in Italy
	Along the central Mediterranean route to reach Italian territory
	Smuggling organizations along the Sahara routes to Libya
	Irregular migrants arriving in Greece
	Along the eastern Mediterranean towards Greece
	Smuggling organizations along the eastern route
	A comparative analysis
4 Trafficking of Migrants for Sexual and Labour Exploitation
	Estimates of victims of trafficking and official evidence
		Spain
		Italy
		Greece
	Sex market laws in Southern Europe
	Different forms of prostitution
	Changes to the sex market
	Recruitment, transportation and insertion of victims into the new society
	Sexual exploitation: foreign and national criminal players
		Nigerian organized crime
		Eastern European organizations
		Chinese criminal organizations
		Latin American organizations
		Collaboration between local and foreign criminals in sexual exploitation
	Severe labour exploitation and trafficking of migrants
		Agriculture
			Italy
			Spain
			Greece
		Textile sector: Chinese migrants
	Concluding remarks: enslavement strategy
5 In Search of Explanations
	Migration policies in Southern Europe
	The post-Fordism model, market deregulation and labour exploitation
	Transnational organized crime
	Conclusions
	List of people interviewed (Italy, Spain and Greece)
Non-migrants
	Migrants
Appendix
Notes
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 5
	List of people interviewed (Italy, Spain and Greece)
Non-migrants
	Migrants
References
Index