Smart Polymers: Applications in Biotechnology and Biomedicine

Smart Polymers for Bioseparation and Bioprocessing......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
Contributors......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
1.1. Introduction......Page 11
Table of Content......Page 0
1.2. Graft Copolymers of P(NIPAAm-BMA)-g-PAAc......Page 14
1.3. Grah Copolymer of P(NIPAAm-BMA)-g-PAAc......Page 19
1.4. Graft Copolymers Pluronic®-g-PAAc......Page 21
1.5. Conclusions......Page 30
1.6.1.1. Synthesis of OligoNIPAAm with a Terminal Amino Group......Page 31
1.6.1.3. Synthesis of Graft Copolymer of PNIPAAm-g-PAAc......Page 32
1.6.3.1. Synthesis of an Amino-terminated Tri-block Copolymer of PEO-PPOPEO (Pluronic®)......Page 33
1.7. Abbreviations......Page 34
1.8. References......Page 35
2.1. Introduction......Page 37
2.2.1. Synthesis of Poly(N-vinylisobutyramide) by Polymer Modification Reaction......Page 38
2.2.2. Synthesis of Poly(N-vinylisobutyramide) by Free Radical Polymerization......Page 39
2.2.3. Thermosensitive Behavior of Poly(N-vinylisobutyramide) and Its Copolymers......Page 42
2.3. Thermosensitive Properties of Vinylamide Copolymers......Page 43
2.3.2. Polymerization and Copolymerization of N-vinylalkylamides and Thermosensitive Properties of the Polymers......Page 44
2.4. Crosslinked Poly(N-vinylisobutyramide} Thermosensitive Hydrogels......Page 46
2.5. Two-phase Separation Using N-vinylamide Polymers......Page 51
2.6. Conclusion......Page 55
2.7.2. Synthesis of Poly (N-vinylisobutyramide) by the Free Radical Polymerization......Page 56
2.7.3.2. N-vinyl-n-butyramide (NVBA)......Page 57
2.7.3.6. N-vinylisovaleramide (NVlVA)......Page 58
2.7.4. Synthesis of Crosslinked Poly(N-vinylisobutyramide) Hydrogels......Page 59
2.9. References......Page 60
3.1. Introduction......Page 65
3.2. Homo- and Heterobifunctional Mode of Affinity Precipitation......Page 66
3.3.1. pH-sensitive Smart Polymers......Page 67
3.3.2. Thermosensitive Smart Polymers......Page 70
3.4. Properties of the Polymer Precipitate......Page 74
3.5. Ligands Used in Affinity Precipitation......Page 77
3.6. Practical Affinity Precipitation......Page 80
3.7. Conclusion......Page 82
3.9. References......Page 83
4.1. Introduction......Page 88
4.2.1. One-polymer Systems......Page 89
4.2.1.1. Random EOPO Copolymers......Page 91
4.2.1.2. Hydrophobically Modified EOPO Copolymer......Page 93
4.2.2.1. Random EOPO Copolymer/Polysaccharide Systems......Page 94
4.2.2.2. Affinity Ligands Coupled to Thermoseparating Polymers in Two-polymer Systems......Page 95
4.2.2.3. Block Copolymers in Two-phase Systems......Page 96
4.2.2.4. HM-EOPO/Random EOPO Two-polymer System......Page 99
4.3.1. Polyampholytes in Two-phase Systems......Page 100
4.3.2. Ionic Thermoseparating Segregating Polymer Two-phase System......Page 102
4.4. Conclusion......Page 103
4.6. References......Page 104
5.1. Introduction......Page 108
5.2. Polyelectrolyte Complexes and Interpolyelectrolyte Reactions......Page 109
5.2.1. Stability of PEC......Page 110
5.2.2. Lability of PEC......Page 112
5.2.3. Molecular \'Recognition\'......Page 116
5.3. Interpolyelectrolyte Reactions in Solutions of DNA-containing PEC......Page 119
5.4.1.Water-soluble PPC......Page 121
5.5. Competitive Reactions in Solutions of Polyelectrolyte-protein Conjugates......Page 123
5.5.1. Immunoassay......Page 125
5.5.3. Artificial Chaperones......Page 126
5.7. Symbols and Abbreviations......Page 127
5.8. References......Page 128
6.1. Introduction......Page 132
6.2. Conformational Changes of Polyelectrolytes in Aqueous Solutions......Page 133
6.3.1. Analytical Methods......Page 138
6.3.2. Preparation of Microcapsules and Polyelectrolyte Adsorption......Page 139
6.3.3. Inward Penneation of n-Propyl Alcohol through Capsule Membrane......Page 140
6.3.4. Effects of pH and Amount of Polyelectrolytes Adsorbed......Page 141
6.4.1. Stimuli-sensitive Microcapsules Modified with Smart Polymers......Page 142
6.4.2. Stimuli-sensitive Microcapsules with Loaded Enzymes......Page 144
6.5. Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 145
6.6. Acknowledgments......Page 146
6.8. References......Page 147
7.2. Description of Hydrogels......Page 150
7.3.1. Gel Electrophoresis for Separations of Proteins and DNAs......Page 151
7.3.2.1. Dewatering of the Biological Slurries......Page 154
7.3.2.2. Concentration Using Temperature-sensitive Hydrogels......Page 155
7.3.2.3. Chemically Selective Separation of Mixtures of Organic Solvents......Page 156
7.3.3. Separation through Hydrogel Membrane......Page 157
7.3.3.1. Pervaporation......Page 158
7.3.4.2.Temperature-sensitive Chromatography......Page 160
7.3.5. Separation by Aqueous Two-phase System......Page 161
7.4.1. Polymerization Condition......Page 163
7.4.2. Gel Composition......Page 164
7.4.3. Pore Size of Hydrogel......Page 165
7.4.4. Charge Density......Page 166
7.6. Symbols and Abbreviations......Page 167
7.7. References......Page 168
8.1. Introduction......Page 173
8.2.1.1. Isolated Chains......Page 174
8.2.1.2. Overlapping Chains......Page 176
8.2.2. Physically and Chemically Adsorbed Chains: Structural Characteristics......Page 178
8.2.3. Polymer-solvent Interaction Parameters for Selected Smart Polymers......Page 180
8.3.1. Smart Grafted Packings in Size-exclusion Chromatography......Page 181
8.3.2. Colloid-chemical Characterization of the Smart Bonded Phases......Page 183
8.3.3.2. PNIPAA-modified Silicas as Chromatographic Sorbents: The Retention Mechanisms......Page 185
8.3.3.3. PNIPAA-coated Sorbents in Separation of Proteins and Peptides......Page 188
8.3.4. Bioaffinity and Ion-exchange Separations Assisted by Smart Polymeric and Lipid Layers......Page 190
8.4.1. Methods for Coating of Polystyrene Dishes with Responsive Polymers and their Characteristics......Page 191
8.4.2. Relationship between the Mechanism of Cell Detachment and Cell Metabolism......Page 193
8.4.3. Adhesion of Platelets on Naked and Polymer-coated Polystyrene Particles......Page 195
8.6. Abbreviations......Page 196
8.8. References......Page 197
9.1. Introduction......Page 201
9.2.1. Precipitation and Dispersion Polymerizations to Form Thermosensitive Microgel Particle......Page 202
9.2.2. Emulsifier-free Emulsion Polymerization to Form Thermosensitive Shell-carrying Microsphere......Page 203
9.2.3. Hairy Particle Fonnation......Page 204
9.3.1. Protein Concentration and Separation......Page 205
9.3.2. Temperature-dependence of Protein Adsorption on PNIPAM Particles......Page 207
9.4.2. Activity of Enzyme Immobilized at PNIPAM Chain End......Page 208
9.5. Cell Activation by PNIPAM Particles......Page 209
9.5.1. Cell Activation in PNIPAM Particle Dispersion......Page 210
9.5.2. Cell Activation by 2-dimensional Particle Assembly......Page 211
9.5.3. Cell Activation by PNIPAM Particles with the Aid of Ligand/Receptor Interaction......Page 212
9.5.3.2. Interaction between RGDS-carrying PNIPAM Particle and Cell......Page 213
9.7. Abbreviations......Page 214
9.8. References......Page 215
10.1. Introduction......Page 217
10.2.1. Homogeneous Assays with the Use of Polyelectrolyte Pairs......Page 218
10.2.2. Homogeneous Assays with the Use of a Polyelectrolyte - Metal Ion Pair......Page 221
10.2.3. Microplate Semi-homogeneous Assays......Page 222
10.2.4. lmmunofiltration Assays......Page 223
10.2.5. Application of Polyelectrolytes for Viruses Immunoassay......Page 224
10.3.1. Induction of Carriers Polymerization......Page 225
10.3.2. Camers Having Temperature-dependent Solubility......Page 227
10.4.2. Immunoassays with Enzymes Creating Detectable Polymers......Page 230
10.4.3. Modification of Immunoreactants by Polymers to Change Solubility......Page 231
10.4.4. Modification of Immunoreactants by Polymers for Two-phase Separation......Page 232
10.4.5. Modification of Immunoreactants by Polymers to Amplify Detected Signals......Page 233
10.4.6. Other Applications......Page 234
10.8. References......Page 235
11.1. Introduction......Page 240
11.3.1. Hydrogels Prepared by Inverse Suspension Polymerization......Page 241
11.3.2. Hydrogels Prepared by Other Methods......Page 246
11.4. Enzyme Immobilized in Hydrogel with Biochemical-mechanical Functions......Page 248
11.5.1. Preparation of Composite Hydrogel Membrane......Page 250
11.5.1.1. Immobilization of a-amylase......Page 252
11.6.1. Regulation of Enzyme Activity......Page 256
11.6.2. Recovery of Enzyme by Thermo-flocculation......Page 257
11.6.3. Recovery of Enzyme by Thermo-flocculation Followed by Magnetic Separation......Page 260
11.8. References......Page 264
12.1. Introduction......Page 267
12.2. Preparation of Reversibly Soluble-......Page 268
12.2.1. Selection of Reversibly Soluble-insoluble Polymer......Page 269
12.2.2.2. Response of Solubility......Page 270
12.2.2.4. Sedimentation Properties of D-AS......Page 271
12.3.1. Repeated Hydrolysis of Raw Starch......Page 272
12.3.2. Continuous Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Raw Starch......Page 274
12.4. Application of Thermo-responsive Polymer to Hydrolysis......Page 277
12.4.2. Preparation Thermo-responsive Enzyme with High-LCST......Page 279
12.4.3. Response of Solubility to Changes in Temperature......Page 281
12.4.4. Repeated Use of Thermo-responsive Thermolysin in Hydrolysis of  -Casein......Page 282
12.5. Application of Thermo-responsive Polymers with Low LCST for Protein Precipitation......Page 284
12.5.1. Preparation of Thermo-responsive Adsorbent......Page 285
12.5.2.1. Solubility of the Adsorbent......Page 286
12.5.2.2. Properties of Adsorption and Desorption......Page 287
12.5.3. Affinity Precipitation Using Thermo-responsive Adsorbent......Page 288
12.6. Conclusions......Page 289
12.8. References......Page 290