Smart polymers and their applications

Front Cover......Page 1
Smart Polymers and Their Applications......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
Chapter 1: Introduction to Smart Polymers and Their Applications......Page 16
 1.1  Types of Smart Polymers......Page 17
 1.2  Applications of Smart Polymers......Page 20
 References......Page 23
 2.1 Introduction: The Role of Temperature-Responsive Polymers......Page 28
 2.2 Basic Principles of Temperature-Responsive Polymers in Aqueous Solution......Page 31
  2.2.2 Polymers With UCST Behavior......Page 33
  2.3.1 Poly(Acrylamide)s and Poly(Vinyl Amide)s......Page 35
  2.3.2 Poly(Oligo Ethylene Glycol [Meth]acrylate)s......Page 37
  2.3.3 Other Polymers......Page 40
  2.3.4 UCST Polymers......Page 44
 2.4 Selected Applications of Thermoresponsive Polymers......Page 46
 References......Page 51
 Further Reading......Page 59
Chapter 3: pH-Responsive Polymers: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications......Page 60
 3.1 Introduction......Page 61
 3.2 Basic Principles of pH-Responsive Polymers......Page 62
  3.3.1 Classification of pH-Responsive Polymers......Page 64
   3.3.1.1 pH-Responsive Acidic Polymers......Page 65
   3.3.1.2 pH-Responsive Basic Polymers......Page 66
   3.3.1.3 pH-Responsive Natural Polymers......Page 67
  3.3.2 Different Architectures of pH-Responsive Polymers......Page 70
   3.3.2.1 Amphiphilic Block Copolymers......Page 71
   3.3.2.2 Hydrogels and Microgels......Page 72
   3.3.2.4 Nano- and Microparticles......Page 74
   3.3.2.5 Dendritic Polymers......Page 75
  3.4.1 Emulsion Polymerization......Page 77
   3.4.1.2 Microemulsion Polymerization......Page 78
  3.4.2 Group Transfer Polymerization (GTP)......Page 79
  3.4.3 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (RAFT)......Page 80
  3.4.4 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization......Page 81
 3.5 Application......Page 82
  3.5.1 Drug Delivery Systems......Page 83
  3.5.2 Gene Carriers......Page 84
  3.5.3 Biosensor......Page 89
 3.6 Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 91
 References......Page 93
 4.1  Introduction......Page 102
 4.2  Chromophores and Their Light-Induced Molecular Response......Page 104
  4.3.1  Main-Chain Photochromic Conjugated Polymers......Page 106
  4.3.2  Polymers With Photoresponsive Terminal Groups......Page 109
  4.3.3  Side-Chain Photochromic Polymers......Page 111
  4.3.4  Side-Chain Photochromic Block Copolymers......Page 116
  4.3.5  Photosensitive Dendritic Polymers......Page 120
  4.3.6  Photosensitive Supramolecular Polymers......Page 124
  4.4.1  Controlled Drug Delivery......Page 129
  4.4.2  Functional Micropatterns......Page 131
  4.4.3  Responsive Hydrogels......Page 136
  4.4.4  Photodegradable Materials......Page 141
  4.4.5  Photoswitchable Liquid Crystalline Elastomers (LCE) for Remote Actuation......Page 148
 4.5  Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 155
 References......Page 159
 5.1  Introduction......Page 170
  5.1.1  Rationale Behind Enzyme-Responsive Polymers......Page 171
 5.2 Historical Evolution of Enzyme-Responsive Polymer......Page 172
  5.3.1  Supramolecular Assemblies of Enzyme-Responsive Polymers......Page 174
  5.3.2  Enzyme-Responsive Polymer Hydrogels......Page 175
  5.3.3  Enzyme-Responsive Polymer Nanoparticles......Page 178
  5.3.4  Enzyme-Responsive Self-Immolative Polymers......Page 180
 5.4  Properties of Enzyme-Responsive Polymers......Page 181
   5.5.1.1  Living Anionic Polymerization......Page 183
   5.5.1.2  Living Cationic Polymerization......Page 184
   5.5.1.3 Living Free-Radical Polymerization......Page 185
   5.5.2.1 Mechanism of RAFT......Page 186
   5.5.3.1 Mechanism of NMP......Page 189
  5.5.4 Atomic Transfer Radical Polymerization......Page 190
   5.5.4.1 Mechanism of ATRP......Page 191
  5.6.1 Drug Delivery......Page 192
  5.6.2 Tissue Engineering......Page 195
  5.6.3 Injectable Scaffolds......Page 197
 References......Page 201
 Further Reading......Page 204
 6.1 Introduction......Page 206
 6.2 Polymerization of Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT-ProDOT) Monomers......Page 207
  6.3.1 PEDOT:PSS Dispersion......Page 210
  6.3.2 PEDOT: Biopolymers Dispersions......Page 213
  6.4.1 Applications of EDOT/ProDOT Monomer Derivatives......Page 217
  6.4.2 Applications of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:Biopolymer Dispersions......Page 221
 Acknowledgments......Page 225
 References......Page 226
 Further Reading......Page 233
 7.1 Introduction......Page 234
  7.2.1 Inflammatory Vasculature and Passive Targeting......Page 238
  7.2.3 Overexpressed Cell-Surface Receptors and Active Targeting......Page 240
  7.2.4 Acidosis......Page 242
  7.2.5 Reactive Oxygen Species......Page 243
  7.2.6 Overexpressed Inflammatory and Matrix-Remodeling Enzymes......Page 244
  7.3.1 Passively Targeted Polymers......Page 245
  7.3.2 Cell-Mediated Targeted Polymers......Page 247
  7.3.3 Active Targeting......Page 248
  7.3.4 pH-Responsive Polymers......Page 251
  7.3.5 Redox-Responsive Polymers......Page 255
  7.3.6 Enzyme-Responsive Polymers......Page 257
  7.3.7 Dual-Responsive Polymers......Page 258
 7.4 Current and Future Trends......Page 260
 References......Page 261
Chapter 8: Dual- and Multistimuli-Responsive Polymers for Biomedical Applications......Page 270
 8.1  Introduction......Page 271
 8.2  Dual Responsive Polymers and Their Applications......Page 273
  8.2.1  pH and Temperature Dual Functionality......Page 274
  8.2.2 pH and Redox Dual Functionality......Page 277
  8.2.3  Temperature and Light Dual Functionality......Page 280
  8.2.4  Temperature and Magnetic Dual Functionality......Page 281
  8.2.5  Enzyme and pH or Enzyme and Temperature Dual Functionality......Page 282
  8.3.1  pH, Temperature, and Redox Multifunctionality......Page 283
  8.3.3  pH, Temperature, and Chemical Multifunctionality......Page 285
  8.3.4  pH, Temperature, and Magnetic Multifunctionality......Page 286
  8.3.6  pH, Redox, and Magnetic Multifunctionality......Page 287
  8.3.7  Redox, Magnetic, and Biological Multifunctionality......Page 288
 References......Page 290
 9.1 Introduction......Page 294
  9.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Smart Hydrogels......Page 295
   9.2.1.1 Applications......Page 298
  9.2.2 pH-Responsive Smart Hydrogels......Page 301
   9.2.2.1 Applications......Page 302
   9.2.3.1 Glucose-Sensitive Smart Hydrogels......Page 305
   9.2.3.2 Enzyme-Responsive Hydrogels......Page 307
   9.2.3.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers......Page 308
   9.2.3.4 Applications......Page 309
   9.2.4.1 Photoresponsive Moieties......Page 312
   9.2.4.2 Applications......Page 314
  9.2.5 Electrically Responsive Hydrogels......Page 316
   9.2.5.1 Application......Page 317
  9.2.6 Magnetoresponsive Hydrogels......Page 318
   9.2.6.1 Applications......Page 320
  9.2.7 Antigen-Antibody Responsive Hydrogels......Page 321
   9.2.7.1 Applications......Page 322
  9.2.8 Shear-Stress Responsive Hydrogels......Page 323
   9.2.8.1 Applications......Page 324
  9.2.9 Multiresponsive Smart Hydrogels......Page 325
   9.2.9.1 Applications......Page 326
 9.3 Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 328
 References......Page 329
 Further Reading......Page 335
 10.1 Peptide-Based Fibrous Systems......Page 338
  10.1.1 Smart Behavior of Peptide-Based Fibrous Systems......Page 339
   10.1.1.1 Smart Fiber Assemblies From Alpha Helix and Coiled Coils Systems......Page 341
   10.1.1.2 Smart Fiber Assemblies From β-Sheet and β-Hairpin Systems......Page 343
   10.1.1.3 Smart Fiber Assemblies Based on Aromatic Short Peptide Derivatives......Page 347
   10.1.1.4 Smart Fiber Assemblies Based on Amphiphilic Peptides......Page 348
   10.1.1.5 Smart Fiber Assemblies Based on Collagen-Mimicking Peptides (CMPs)......Page 349
  10.1.2 Applications of Smart Peptide-Based Fibers......Page 353
  10.2.1 Structural Characteristics of Silks......Page 354
  10.2.2 Smart Behavior of Silk-Based Fibers......Page 358
    Sutures......Page 363
    Wound Dressings......Page 365
    Tissue Scaffolds......Page 366
   10.2.3.3 Sensors......Page 367
  10.3.1 Tropoelastin......Page 368
   10.3.1.1 Electrospun Tropoelastin-Based Scaffolds......Page 369
  10.3.2 Elastin-Like Biomaterials......Page 371
   10.3.2.1 ELR-Based Electrospun Fibers......Page 374
 10.4 Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 376
 References......Page 377
 Further Reading......Page 387
  11.1.1  Self-Healing Materials......Page 394
  11.1.2  Classification of Self-Healing Materials......Page 397
   11.2.1.1 Spherical Capsules Containing Healing Agents......Page 398
   11.2.1.2 Hollow Fibers Containing Healing Agents......Page 399
  11.2.2  Intrinsic Healing......Page 401
   11.2.2.1 Reversible Covalent Chemistry......Page 403
   11.2.2.2 Reversible Noncovalent Interactions......Page 404
 11.3  Functionality Restoration......Page 405
   11.3.1.1 Recovery Fracture Toughness......Page 406
   11.3.1.3 Fatigue Resistance Recovery......Page 407
   11.3.1.4 Damage Recovery in Ballistic Impact Testing......Page 408
   11.3.2.2 Barrier and Corrosion Protection Recovery......Page 409
  11.3.3  Interfacial Bond Strength Between Dissimilar Materials......Page 411
  11.3.4  Electrical and Thermal Conductivity......Page 412
  11.3.5  Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity......Page 414
  11.3.6  Mechanical Properties of Fiber Composites......Page 415
 11.4  Concluding Remarks......Page 418
 References......Page 419
 Further Reading......Page 424
 12.1 Introduction......Page 426
   12.2.1.1 Temperature......Page 427
   12.2.1.3 Light......Page 429
 12.3 Instructive Hydrogels With a Physicochemical Response......Page 430
   12.3.1.1 Temperature......Page 431
   12.3.1.2 pH......Page 433
   12.3.1.3 Light......Page 434
   12.3.2.1 Enzymatic Degradation......Page 435
 12.4 Materials With 3D-Defined Patterns......Page 436
  12.5.1 Cell Sheet Engineering......Page 438
  12.5.2 Smart Biomineralization......Page 440
  12.5.4 Delivery Systems of Therapeutic Agents......Page 441
  12.5.5 Hydrogels as Injectable Implants......Page 442
 12.6 Conclusion and Future Trends......Page 443
 References......Page 444
 13.1  Introduction......Page 454
 13.2  Smart Polymeric Carriers for Drug Delivery: pH-Responsive Nanocarriers......Page 456
  13.2.1  Nanocarriers Composed of pH-Sensitive Polymers......Page 457
  13.2.2  Nanocarriers Containing pH-Sensitive Linkers......Page 463
 13.3  Smart Polymeric Carriers for Drug Delivery: Enzyme-Responsive Nanocarriers......Page 465
  13.3.1  Nanocarriers Based on Enzyme-Responsive Polymers......Page 466
  13.3.2  Nanocarriers Containing Enzyme-Responsive Linkers......Page 470
 13.4  Smart Polymeric Carriers for Drug Delivery: Oxidation-Responsive Nanocarriers......Page 474
 13.5  Smart Polymeric Carriers for Drug Delivery: Temperature-Responsive Nanocarriers......Page 476
  13.6.1  Light-Responsive Nanocarriers......Page 478
  13.6.3  Magnetic-Field-Responsive Nanocarriers......Page 479
 13.7  Conclusion and Future Trends......Page 480
 References......Page 481
 Further Reading......Page 494
 14.1  Introduction......Page 496
 14.2  Types and Preparation of Smart Polymers for Medical Devices: Polymers Classified by Type of Stimulus......Page 497
  14.2.1  Physically Dependent Stimuli: Temperature-Responsive Polymers......Page 498
  14.2.2  Chemically Dependent Stimuli: pH-Responsive Polymers......Page 499
  14.2.3  Field-Responsive Polymers: Electro- and Photoresponsive Polymers......Page 500
  14.2.4  Biologically Dependent Stimuli: Bioconjugates......Page 501
 14.3  Types and Preparation of Smart Polymers for Medical Devices: Polymers Classified by Structural Properties......Page 502
  14.3.1  Smart Hydrogels......Page 503
  14.3.2  Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs)......Page 506
  14.3.3  Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles......Page 507
   14.3.3.1  Polymer-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles (mNPs)......Page 510
   14.3.4.1  Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)......Page 512
   14.3.4.2  Thin Films and Polymer Brushes......Page 513
  14.3.5  Nanopatterning Surfaces......Page 515
 14.4  Applications: Medical Devices Based on SMPs......Page 517
 14.5  Applications: SMPs in Minimally Invasive Surgery......Page 519
  14.6.1  Thermal Ablation of Tumors......Page 522
  14.6.2  Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnosis......Page 523
 14.7  Applications: Biosensors for Diagnostic Medical Devices......Page 524
  14.7.2  Glucose Biosensors......Page 525
  14.7.3  Biosensors for the Detection of Other Analytes......Page 526
 14.8  Applications: Biosensors and Actuators for Enhanced Diagnostics and Therapy......Page 527
  14.9.1  Microvalves......Page 529
  14.9.2  Micropumps......Page 530
  14.9.3  Integrated Microfluidic Systems......Page 531
 14.10  Conclusion and Future Trends......Page 532
 References......Page 534
 Further Reading......Page 546
 15.1  Introduction......Page 548
 15.2  Smart Polymers for Bioseparation: Use in Affinity Precipitation......Page 549
 15.3  Aqueous Two-Phase Polymer Systems Formed by Smart Polymers for Use in Bioseparation......Page 556
 15.4  Chromatographic Carriers With Grafted SP and Adsorbents Produced From  SP......Page 558
 15.5  Smart Cryogels......Page 567
 15.6  Membranes With SP-Grafted Pores......Page 568
 15.7  Use of Smart Polymers in Catalysis......Page 573
 15.8  Conclusion and Future Trends......Page 576
 References......Page 577
 16.1  Introduction......Page 582
 16.2  Photoinduced Molecular Motions of Azobenzene Chromophores......Page 587
 16.3  Macromolecular Architectures in Azopolymers......Page 588
  16.4.1  Synthetic Approaches to Azobenzene-Containing Homopolymers and Statistical Copolymers......Page 590
  16.4.2  Synthetic Approaches to Azobenzene-Containing Block Copolymers......Page 593
  16.4.3  Synthetic Approaches to Azobenzene-Containing Dendritic Polymers......Page 598
  16.4.4  Synthetic Approaches to Supramolecular Azopolymers......Page 603
 16.5  Photoinduced Response of Azobenzene Polymers......Page 608
 16.6  Conclusion......Page 614
 References......Page 615
 17.1 Introduction......Page 622
   17.2.1.1 Detection of Cations......Page 623
   17.2.1.2 Detection of Anions......Page 624
  17.2.2 Polymers With Chiral Motifs......Page 625
   17.2.2.2 Detection of Organic Compounds......Page 626
   17.2.3.2 Enantiorecognition Detection......Page 627
   17.2.3.3 Detection of Biomolecules......Page 628
  17.2.4 Polymeric Nanocomposites......Page 629
   17.2.4.1 Nanocomposites Based on MIP Techniques......Page 630
  17.2.5 Acrylic Polymers......Page 631
   17.2.5.1 Detection of Charged Molecules......Page 632
   17.2.5.2 Detection of Neutral Molecules......Page 634
   17.2.6.2 Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds......Page 635
   17.2.7.1 Detection of Charged Molecules......Page 636
 17.3 New Micro- and Nanosensor Polymeric Devices......Page 637
  17.3.1 Coated Fibers, Fibers, and Nanofibers......Page 638
  17.3.2 Films and Thin Layers......Page 640
  17.3.3 Sensory Polymer Arrays......Page 642
  17.3.4 Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Sensors (QCM)......Page 644
  17.3.5 Microfluidic Devices......Page 645
  17.3.6 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Modified Electrodes......Page 647
  17.3.7 Miscellaneous......Page 649
 17.4 Outlook and Perspectives......Page 651
 References......Page 652
 18.1  Introduction......Page 666
  18.1.1  How Do Batteries Work?......Page 667
  18.1.2  Properties of an Ideal Polymer Binder......Page 668
  18.1.3  Traditional Polymer Binders for Battery Electrodes......Page 670
 18.2  Bio-Based Polymer Binders......Page 671
 18.3  Multifunctional Polymer Binders......Page 673
 18.4  Smart Polymer Binders......Page 677
 References......Page 682
Index......Page 686
Back Cover......Page 704