Smart Nanostructure Materials and Sensor Technology

Contents
1 Smart Nanomaterials and Sensing Devices: An Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Different Types of Nanoparticles
	1.2 Briefing of Smart Nanomaterials
		1.2.1 Semiconductor Nanoparticles (i.e. Colloidal Quantum Dots)
		1.2.2 II - VI QDs
		1.2.3 IV−VI QDs
		1.2.4 III−V QDs
		1.2.5 I−III−VI QDs
		1.2.6 I−VI QDs
		1.2.7 IV QDs
		1.2.8 Metal Halides Perovskite (I–IV-VII3)-based Colloidal Quantum Dots
		1.2.9 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
	1.3 Ceramic Nanoparticles
	1.4 Metal Nanoparticles
	1.5 Briefing of Sensing Devices (i.e. Sensors)
		1.5.1 Different Types of Sensors
	1.6 Modern Sensors
	1.7 Conclusions
	References
2 Fundamentals of Nanomaterials and Design Concepts for Sensing Devices
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Nanomaterial Synthesis
		2.2.1 Physical Methods
		2.2.2 Chemical Methods
		2.2.3 Biological Methods
	2.3 Classification of Magnetic Nanoparticles
		2.3.1 Oxide
		2.3.2 Metallic
		2.3.3 Metallic with a Shell
	2.4 Comparison of Different Synthesis Routes
	2.5 Characterization of Magnetic NPs
		2.5.1 Morphology
		2.5.2 Composition Mapping
		2.5.3 Structure and Bonding
		2.5.4 Magnetism
	2.6 Special Features of Magnetic Nanoparticles
		2.6.1 Finite-Size Effects
		2.6.2 Surface Effect
		2.6.3 Quantum Size Effect
		2.6.4 Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling Effect
	2.7 MNP Sensors
		2.7.1 Electrochemical
		2.7.2 Optical
		2.7.3 Piezoelectric
		2.7.4 Magnetic Field
	2.8 Magnetic Sensor Devices Based on Magneto Resistance (MR) Effect
		2.8.1 Working Principle of MR Sensors
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
3 General Methods for Fabrication of Sensing Devices
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Mechanism of Gas Sensing
	3.3 Distinct Factors Effecting the Sensing Performance of MoS2
	3.4 General Methods for MoS2 Synthesis
	3.5 Fabrication of MoS2-Based Sensing Devices for Gas Sensing Applications
	3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
4 Functional Nanomaterials for Sensing Devices
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Functional Nanomaterials
		4.2.1 Metal-Based Nanomaterials
		4.2.2 Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
		4.2.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		4.2.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
	4.3 Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Perspective
	4.4 Additional Reading
	References
5 Micro and Nanofibers-Based Sensing Devices
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Basics of Fiber Optics
	5.3 Methodology
		5.3.1 Electrospinning
		5.3.2 Plasma-enhanched Chemical Vapor Depositions
	5.4 Fiber Optics as Sensor
		5.4.1 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI)-Based Fiber Optic Sensor
		5.4.2 Fiber Grating Sensors
		5.4.3 Fabry–Perot Interferometer (FPI)-Based Fiber Optic Sensor
		5.4.4 Surface Plasmon Resonances Sensors
		5.4.5 Whispering Gallery Mode Sensor
	5.5 Application of Fiber Optics Sensors
		5.5.1 For pH Sensing
		5.5.2 Fiber Optic Gas Sensor
	5.6 Conclusions and Outlooks
	References
6 Environmental Impact of Sensing Devices
	6.1 Introductions
	6.2 Environmental Components and Sensing Devices
		6.2.1 Electrochemical and Microelectrochemical System
		6.2.2 Optical Devices
		6.2.3 Semiconductor Sensing Devices
		6.2.4 Biosensor
	6.3 Application of Biosensor to Track Environment
		6.3.1 Biosensor for Pesticide
		6.3.2 Biosensor for Heavy Metal Detection
		6.3.3 Other Environmental Pollutants
	6.4 Biosensor for Detecting SARS-CoV-2
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 Advanced Carbon-Based Gas Sensors
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs)
		7.1.2 Graphene
		7.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
		7.1.4 Fullerene
		7.1.5 Carbon Black (CB)
		7.1.6 Carbon Nanofiber
		7.1.7 Nanodiamond
		7.1.8 Conclusion
	References
8 2D/3D Material for Gas Sensor
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Classifications of Gas Sensors
		8.2.1 Electrochemical Sensors
		8.2.2 Catalytic Sensors
		8.2.3 Infrared Sensors
		8.2.4 Photoionization Sensors
	8.3 Design and Fabrication of Gas Sensor
	8.4 Working Principle of Gas Sensor
	8.5 Nanostructure Materials for Gas Sensors
		8.5.1 Production of 3D Graphene Structures
		8.5.2 Nanostructure Materials Sensing of Toxic Gases
		8.5.3 Conclusions
	References
9 Gas Sensors Based on Metal Oxide
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Emergence of Metal Oxide Gas Sensor
	9.3 Theoretical Background and Their Mechanism Gas Sensor
	9.4 Structure of Gas Sensors
	9.5 Properties of Metal Oxide
		9.5.1 Adsorption Ability
		9.5.2 Catalytic Activity
		9.5.3 Sensitivity
		9.5.4 Thermodynamic Stability
	9.6 Classifications of Gas Sensors
	9.7 Classification of Metal Oxide
		9.7.1 Transition Metal Oxide (TMO)
		9.7.2 Non-transition Metal Oxide (NTMO)
	9.8 Synthesis of Metals Oxide Nanoparticles
		9.8.1 RF/DC Sputtering Method
		9.8.2 Spray Pyrolysis Method
		9.8.3 Sol-gel Method
		9.8.4 Hydrothermal Method
		9.8.5 Thermal Evaporation Method
	9.9 Co-doped Metal Oxide Gas Sensors
	9.10 Applications of Sensors
	9.11 Conclusion
	References
10 Gas Sensors Based on Chalcogenides
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Chalcogenides and Their Role in the Gas Sensor
	10.3 Zinc Chalcogenides-based Gas Sensor
	10.4 Tungsten Chalcogenides-based Gas Sensor
	10.5 Molybdenum Chalcogenides-based Gas Sensor
	10.6 Lead Chalcogenides-based Gas Sensor
	10.7 Copper Chalcogenides-based Gas Sensor
	10.8 Cadmium Chalcogenides-based Gas Sensor
	10.9 Iron Chalcogenides-based Gas Sensor
	10.10 Tin Chalcogenides-based Gas Sensor
	10.11 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
11 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Gas Sensors
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Classification of MOFs
	11.2 Synthesis of MOFs and MOFs-Derived Composites
	11.3 Methods and Sensing Mechanism of MOFs Sensor
		11.3.1 Sensor Parameters
	11.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks as Chemiresistive Sensor
		11.4.1 Pristine MOF-Based Chemiresistive Gas Sensors
		11.4.2 MOF-Metal Oxide Composites
		11.4.3 MOF-Derived Chemiresistive Sensors
	11.5 Challenges of Conventional Sensor and Opportunities
	11.6 Conclusions
	References
12 Perovskite-Based Gas Sensors
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Structure and Properties of Perovskite Material
	12.3 Perovskites Merged Nanocomposites as Sensors
		12.3.1 Advantages and Restrictions
	12.4 Fabrication Techniques of Gas Sensors
		12.4.1 Screen Printing
		12.4.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique
		12.4.3 Sol-gel Technique
		12.4.4 Physical Vapor Deposition Technique
		12.4.5 Drop Coating Technique
		12.4.6 Spray Pyrolysis Technique
	12.5 Perovskite Gas Sensors
	12.6 Gas Detection Mechanism of Perovskite-Based Gas Sensor
	12.7 Sensing Response of Led Halide Perovskite-Based Gas Sensor
	12.8 Conclusion and Endorsement for Future Research
	References
13 Gas Sensors Based on Hybrid Nanomaterial
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Need of Gas Sensor Based on Hybrid Nanomaterial
		13.1.2 Features and Limitations of Hybrid Materials for Sensor Application
	13.2 An Overview of Detection of Toxic Gases Based on Hybrid Nanomaterials
		13.2.1 Metal Oxide-Polymers Hybrid Composites
		13.2.2 Metal Oxide–Carbon Hybrid Composite
		13.2.3 Metal-Doped Hybrid Composites
		13.2.4 Polymer-Carbon Hybrid Composite
	13.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
14 Gas Sensor Based on Ferrite Materials
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Effect of Parameters on Ferrite Gas Sensor
		14.2.1 Pore Size
		14.2.2 Sensitivity
		14.2.3 Characteristics Response
		14.2.4 Hysteresis
		14.2.5 Selectivity
		14.2.6 Operating Temperature
		14.2.7 Additives/Dopants
		14.2.8 Radiation Effect
		14.2.9 Phase Formation
		14.2.10 Particle Size/Grain Size, Crystallite Size
	14.3 Ferrite Materials
	14.4 Types of Ferrite
		14.4.1 Simple Ferrite
		14.4.2 Mixed Ferrite
		14.4.3 Substitutional Ferrite
	14.5 Ferrite Crystal Structures
		14.5.1 Spinel Structure
		14.5.2 Garnet Structure
		14.5.3 Hexagonal Structure
	14.6 Effect of Morphology on Ferrite Gas Sensor
	14.7 Gas Sensing Mechanism of Ferrite Nanomaterial
	14.8 Ferrite Gas Sensor
	14.9 Conclusion and Prospects for Future of Ferrite Materials
	References