Smart Dust: Sensor Network Applications, Architecture and Design

416ssxE9oTL._BO2,204,203,200......Page 1
Smart Dust: Sensor Network Applications, Architecture, and Design......Page 2
Preface......Page 4
Editors......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
1.1 Introduction......Page 12
1.2.2.1 General Engineering......Page 13
1.2.2.4 Military Applications......Page 14
1.3 Technical Challenges......Page 15
1.3.2 Power Supply......Page 16
1.3.4 Capacity/ Throughput......Page 17
1.3.6 Channel Access and Scheduling......Page 18
1.3.7.1 Wireless Link......Page 19
1.3.7.2 Energy Consumption......Page 20
1.3.9 Quality of Service......Page 21
1.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 22
References......Page 23
2.1 Introduction......Page 26
2.1.1 Geolocation and Identification of Mobile Targets......Page 27
2.1.2 Long- Term Architecture......Page 28
2.2 Goals for Real- Time Distributed Network Computing for Sensor Data Fusion......Page 30
2.3.1.1 Terrestrial Networks......Page 31
2.3.1.2 Wireless Networks......Page 32
2.3.3 Guaranteeing Computational Resources......Page 33
2.3.3.1 Avoiding Processor Interruption......Page 34
2.3.3.2 Working through System Faults......Page 35
2.5 Network Resource Management......Page 36
2.5.1 Graph Generator......Page 37
2.5.2 Metrics Object......Page 38
2.5.3 Graph Search......Page 39
2.5.7 Topology Database......Page 40
2.6 Experimental Results......Page 41
References......Page 44
3.1 Introduction......Page 47
3.2 Management Challenges......Page 48
3.3 Management Dimensions......Page 49
3.3.1 Dimensions for WSN Management......Page 50
3.3.2.2 Service Management......Page 51
3.3.2.3 Network Management......Page 52
3.3.2.5 Network Element......Page 53
3.3.3.1 Configuration......Page 54
3.3.3.2 Sensing......Page 55
3.3.3.4 Communication......Page 56
3.3.3.5 Maintenance......Page 57
3.3.4.1 Configuration Management......Page 58
3.3.4.3 Performance Management......Page 59
3.3.4.5 Accounting Management......Page 60
3.4.1 Management Services, Functions, and Models......Page 61
3.4.2.2 WSN Agents......Page 63
3.4.2.3 Management Application......Page 65
3.4.3.1 Static Information......Page 67
3.4.3.2 Dynamic Information......Page 69
3.4.4 Physical Architecture......Page 70
3.6 Conclusion......Page 71
References......Page 72
4.1 Introduction......Page 75
4.3 Aspects of Efficient Sensor Network Applications......Page 76
4.4 Need for Sensor Network Programmability......Page 77
4.5.2 Active Sensor Model......Page 78
4.5.3 Active Networks — Mobile Agents......Page 79
4.6.1 Directed Diffusion with In- Network Processing......Page 80
4.6.4 SQTL......Page 81
4.6.5 Smart Messages — Spatial Programming......Page 82
4.6.7 SensorWare......Page 83
4.6.9 DFuse......Page 85
References......Page 86
5.1 Introduction......Page 88
5.2.1 Micromachine Fabrication Techniques......Page 89
5.2.2 Highly Integrated Processes......Page 90
5.3.1 Selection Criteria......Page 91
5.4.1 RF Communication......Page 92
5.4.2 Optical Communication......Page 95
5.5.1 Energy Storage......Page 97
5.6 Packaging......Page 99
5.7 Systems......Page 100
5.8 Conclusion......Page 102
References......Page 103
6.2 Sensor Network Applications......Page 107
6.2.2 Tasking Applications......Page 108
6.3 Functional Architecture for Sensor Networks......Page 109
6.4.1 SINA ( Sensor Information Networking Architecture)......Page 110
6.4.1.2 Information Gathering Methods......Page 111
6.4.1.3 Sensor Network Programming Languages......Page 112
6.4.1.4 SEE ( Sensor Execution Environment)......Page 113
6.4.1.5 Architectural View of SINA......Page 114
6.4.2.1 TopDisc Mechanism......Page 115
6.4.2.2 Architectural View of TopDisc......Page 117
References......Page 118
7.1 Introduction......Page 120
7.2.1 Military Applications......Page 121
7.2.2 Environment Detection and Monitoring......Page 122
7.2.4 Medical Care......Page 123
7.2.7 Interactive Surroundings......Page 124
7.3 Classification of WSNs......Page 125
7.4.1 Characteristics......Page 126
7.4.2 Technical Challenges and Requirements......Page 127
7.4.3 Design Objectives and Directions......Page 128
7.5.1.1 Cheap, Compact, Low- Power Wireless Sensor Nodes......Page 130
7.5.1.2 Low Duty Cycle Electronics......Page 131
7.5.2.1 Sensor Deployment Strategies......Page 132
7.5.2.2 Dynamic Power Optimization at the Nodal Level......Page 133
7.5.2.3.2 Clustering and Hierarchical Architectures......Page 135
7.5.2.3.4 Collaborative Signal and Information Processing (CSIP) and Data Aggregation......Page 138
7.5.3 Software Development......Page 139
7.5.3.3 Application Programming Interface ( API)......Page 140
7.6 Conclusions and Considerations for Future Research......Page 141
References......Page 142
8.2 Motivation and Objectives......Page 148
8.3 SNs — Global View and Requirements......Page 150
8.4.2 Storage......Page 151
8.4.4 Sensors......Page 152
8.4.5 Radio......Page 153
8.5.1 Berkeley Mote Node......Page 155
8.5.2 UCLA Medusa MK- 2 Node......Page 156
8.5.4 Sensor- Centric Design: Light Compass......Page 158
8.6 Wireless SNs as Embedded Systems......Page 160
Acknowledgment......Page 163
References......Page 164
9.1 Motivation......Page 167
9.2 Background......Page 168
9.3 Issues for Topology Design......Page 169
9.3.3 Five- Neighbors WSN......Page 170
9.3.4 Six- Neighbors WSN......Page 171
9.3.7 Six- Neighbors for Three Dimensions......Page 172
9.4 Assumptions......Page 174
9.4.1 Calculation of Power Usage for Each Path......Page 175
9.5.1.2 Edge Routing......Page 176
9.5.1.4 Fixed Number of Transmissions......Page 177
9.5.2 Three- Dimensional Analysis......Page 178
9.6 Directional Source- Aware Routing Protocol ( DSAP)......Page 179
9.7.1 Two- Dimension Analysis......Page 181
9.7.2 Three- Dimension Analysis......Page 184
9.8 Summary......Page 185
References......Page 186
10.1 Introduction......Page 187
10.2.1 Sensor Network Applications......Page 188
10.2.2.3 Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol ( SQDDP)......Page 189
10.3 Localization Protocols......Page 190
10.4 Time Synchronization Protocols......Page 191
10.5.1 Event- to- Sink Transport......Page 193
10.5.2 Sink- to- Sensors Transport......Page 194
10.6 Network Layer Protocols......Page 195
10.7 Data Link Layer Protocols......Page 197
10.7.1 Medium Access Control......Page 198
10.7.2 Error Control......Page 199
References......Page 200
11.1 Introduction......Page 203
11.2.1 ToA, TDoA, and AoA......Page 204
11.2.2 Positioning by Signal Strength......Page 205
11.3.1 Trilateration......Page 206
11.3.2 Multilateration......Page 207
11.3.3 Pattern Matching......Page 208
11.3.3.2 Probability- Based Algorithms......Page 209
11.3.4 Location Tracking......Page 210
11.3.5 Network- Based Tracking......Page 211
11.4.1 Active Badge and Bat......Page 212
11.4.4 CSIE/ NCTU Indoor Tour Guide......Page 213
References......Page 214
12.1 Sensor Networks: Organization and Processing......Page 216
12.1.1 Evolution of Sensor Systems......Page 217
12.2 Architectures for Sensor Integration......Page 218
12.2.1.1.1 Merit Factor in a Parallel System......Page 220
12.2.1.2 Parameterization of Parallel and Hierarchical Architectures......Page 221
12.2.1.3.1 Parallel System......Page 223
12.2.1.3.2 Hierarchical System......Page 224
12.2.2.1 Regions of Interest......Page 227
12.2.2.2 Data Clustering......Page 231
12.3 Example of Architecture Evaluation in High- Energy Physics......Page 233
References......Page 234
13.1 Introduction......Page 236
13.2 The Cooperative Computing Model......Page 238
13.3.3 Virtual Machine......Page 239
13.4 Smart Messages......Page 240
13.4.1.3 Migration......Page 241
13.5 Programming Interface......Page 242
13.6.1 Cost of SM Migration......Page 243
13.6.1.2 SM Transfer......Page 244
13.6.2 Cost of Tag Space Operations......Page 246
13.7.1 SPIN Using Smart Messages......Page 247
13.7.2 Directed Diffusion Using Smart Messages......Page 248
13.8 Simulation Results......Page 249
13.9 Related Work......Page 250
References......Page 253
14.1 Introduction......Page 255
14.2.1 Multiple Shutdown States......Page 256
14.2.2 Sensor Node Architecture......Page 257
14.2.3 Sleep State Transition Policy......Page 258
14.3.1 Variable Voltage Processing......Page 259
14.4.1 DVS Circuit......Page 260
14.4.2 Idle Power Management Hooks......Page 262
14.4.3 Processor Power Modes......Page 263
14.4.4 OS Architecture......Page 265
14.5 Results......Page 266
References......Page 269
15.1 Introduction......Page 270
15.2 Unique Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 271
15.2.1 Why Are MAC Layer Design Issues Important?......Page 272
15.3.1.1 Operation......Page 273
15.3.1.3 Merits, Drawbacks, and Implications for WSNs......Page 274
15.3.2.1 Operation......Page 275
15.3.3.1 Operation......Page 276
15.3.4.1 Operation......Page 277
15.3.4.2 Merits, Drawbacks, and Implications for WSNs......Page 278
15.4 Design Challenges for Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 279
15.4.1 Why Existing Methods for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Cannot Be Used......Page 280
15.4.2 Communication and Application Types in Sensor Networks......Page 281
15.5 Medium Access Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 282
15.5.1.2 Coordinated Sleeping......Page 283
15.5.1.4 Synchronization......Page 284
15.5.2.1 Operation......Page 285
15.5.3.1 Operation......Page 287
15.5.4 Power- Efficient and Delay- Aware Medium- Access Protocol for Sensor Networks ( PEDAMACS)......Page 289
15.5.4.1 Operation......Page 290
15.6 Open Issues......Page 291
Mobility management.......Page 292
References......Page 293
16.1 Introduction......Page 295
16.2.1 Security- Related Properties......Page 296
16.2.3 Mobile Code......Page 297
16.3 Security Architectures......Page 298
16.3.1.1 SNEP......Page 299
16.3.1.2 μ TESLA......Page 300
16.3.2 Ad Hoc Sensor Networks......Page 302
16.3.2.1 Key Distribution Schemes......Page 303
16.4.1 Principle of Minimal Generalization......Page 305
16.4.2 Privacy of Location Information......Page 306
References......Page 309
17.2 Location......Page 313
17.4 Computation......Page 314
17.4.1 Asynchronous Processors......Page 315
17.4.2 Variable- Frequency Processors......Page 316
17.5 Hardware– Software Interaction......Page 317
17.6.1 Mote- to- Mote Communication......Page 319
17.6.2 Mote- to- Central Station Communication......Page 321
17.8 Conclusion......Page 322
References......Page 323