Smart Computer Vision

1
	Preface
	Contents
978-3-031-20541-5_1
	A Systematic Review on Machine Learning-Based Sports Video Summarization Techniques
		1 Introduction
		2 Two Decades of Research in Sports Video Summarization
			2.1 Feature-Based Approaches
			2.2 Cluster-Based Approaches
			2.3 Excitement-Based Approaches
			2.4 Key Event-Based Approaches
			2.5 Object Detection
			2.6 Performance Metrics
				2.6.1 Objective Metrics
				2.6.2 Subjective Metrics Based on User Experience
		3 Evolution of Ideas, Algorithms, and Methods for Sports Video Summarization
		4 Scope for Future Research in Video Summarization
			4.1 Common Weaknesses of Existing Methods
				4.1.1 Audio-Based Methods
				4.1.2 Shot and Boundary Detection
				4.1.3 Resolution and Samples
				4.1.4 Events Detection
			4.2 Scope for Further Research
		5 Conclusion
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_2
	Shot Boundary Detection from Lecture Video Sequences Using Histogram of Oriented Gradients and Radiometric Correlation
		1 Introduction
		2 Shot Boundary Detection and Key Frame Extraction
			2.1 Feature Extraction
			2.2 Radiometric Correlation for Interframe Similarity Measure
			2.3 Entropic Measure for Distinguishing Shot Transitions
			2.4 Key Frame Extraction
		3 Results and Discussions
			3.1 Analysis of Results
			3.2 Discussions and Future Works
		4 Conclusions
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_3
	Detection of Road Potholes Using Computer Vision and Machine Learning Approaches to Assist the Visually Challenged
		1 Introduction
		2 Related Works
		3 Methodologies
			3.1 Pothole Detection Using Machine Learning and Computer Vision
			3.2 Pothole Detection Using Deep Learning Model
		4 Implementation
		5 Result Analysis
		6 Conclusion
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_4
	Shape Feature Extraction Techniques for Computer VisionApplications
		1 Introduction
		2 Feature Extraction
		3 Various Techniques in Feature Extraction
			3.1 Histograms of Edge Directions
			3.2 This Harris Corner
			3.3 Scale-Invariant Feature Transform
			3.4 Eigenvector Approaches
			3.5 Angular Radial Partitioning
			3.6 Edge Pixel Neighborhood Information
			3.7 Color Histograms
			3.8 Edge Histogram Descriptor
			3.9 Shape Descriptor
		4 Shape Signature
			4.1 Centroid Distance Function
			4.2 Chord Length Function
			4.3 . Area Function
		5 Real-Time Applications of Shape Feature Extraction and Object Recognition
			5.1 Fruit Recognition
			5.2 Leaf Recognition 2
			5.3 Object Recognition
		6 Recent Works
		7 Summary and Conclusion
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_5
	GLCM Feature-Based Texture Image Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithms
		1 Introduction
		2 GLCM
			2.1 Computation of GLCM Matrix
			2.2 GLCM Features
				2.2.1 Energy
				2.2.2 Entropy
				2.2.3 Sum Entropy
				2.2.4 Difference Entropy
				2.2.5 Contrast
				2.2.6 Variance
				2.2.7 Sum Variance
				2.2.8 Difference Variance
				2.2.9 Local Homogeneity or Inverse Difference Moment (IDM)
				2.2.10 Local Homogeneity or Inverse Difference Moment (IDM)
				2.2.11 RMS Contrast
				2.2.12 Cluster Shade
				2.2.13 Cluster Prominence
		3 Machine Learning Algorithms
		4 Dataset Description
		5 Experiment Results
			5.1 Performance Metrices
				5.1.1 Sensitivity
				5.1.2 Specificity
				5.1.3 False Positive Rate (FPR)
				5.1.4 False Negative Ratio (FNR)
		6 Conclusion
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_6
	Progress in Multimodal Affective Computing: From Machine Learning to Deep Learning
		1  Introduction
		2 Available Datasets
			2.1 DEAP Dataset
			2.2 AMIGOS Dataset
			2.3 CHEVAD 2.0 Dataset
			2.4 RECOLA Dataset
			2.5 IEMOCAP Dataset
			2.6 CMU-MOSEI Dataset
			2.7 SEED IV Dataset
			2.8 AVEC 2014 Dataset
			2.9 SEWA Dataset
			2.10 AVEC 2018 Dataset
			2.11 DAIC-WOZ Dataset
			2.12 UVA Toddler Dataset
			2.13 MET Dataset
		3 Features for Affect Recognition
			3.1 Audio Modality
			3.2 Visual Modality
			3.3 Textual Modality
			3.4 Facial Expression
			3.5 Biological Signals
		4 Features for Affect Recognition Various Fusion Techniques
			4.1 Decision-Level or Late Fusion
			4.2 Hierarchical Fusion
			4.3 Score-Level Fusion
			4.4 Model-Level Fusion
		5 Multimodal Affective Computing Techniques
			5.1 Machine Learning-Based Techniques
			5.2 Deep Learning-Based Techniques
		6 Discussion
		7 Conclusion
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_7
	Content-Based Image Retrieval Using Deep Features and Hamming Distance
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Content-Based Image Retrieval: Review
		2 Background: Basics of CNN
		3 Proposed Model
			3.1 Transfer Learning Using Pretrained Weights
			3.2 Feature Vector Extraction
			3.3 Clustering
			3.4 Retrieval Using Distance Metrics
				3.4.1 Euclidean Distance
				3.4.2 Hamming Distance
		4 Dataset Used
		5 Results and Discussions
			5.1 Retrieval Using Euclidean Distance
				5.1.1 Retrieving 40 Images
				5.1.2 Retrieving 50 Images
				5.1.3 Retrieving 60 Images
				5.1.4 Retrieving 70 Images
			5.2 Retrieval Using Hamming Distance
				5.2.1 Retrieving 40 Images
				5.2.2 Retrieving 50 Images
				5.2.3 Retrieving 60 Images
				5.2.4 Retrieving 70 Images
			5.3 Retrieval Analysis Between Euclidean Distance and Hamming Distance
			5.4 Comparison with State-of-the-Art Models
		6 Conclusion
		7 Future Works
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_8
	Bioinspired CNN Approach for Diagnosing COVID-19 Using Images of Chest X-Ray
		1 Introduction
		2 Related Work
		3 Approaches and Tools
			3.1 CIFAR Dataset of Chest X-Ray Image
			3.2 Image Scaling in Preprocessing
			3.3 Training and Validation Steps
			3.4 Deep Learning Model
		4 Cuckoo-Based Hash Function
		5 Research Data and Model Settings
			5.1 Estimates of the Proposed Model's Accuracy
		6 Conclusion
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_9
	Initial Stage Identification of COVID-19 Using Capsule Networks
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 Dataset Description
		4 Methodology
			4.1 Overview of Layers Present in Convolutional Neural Networks
				4.1.1 Convolutional Layer
				4.1.2 Stride(S)
				4.1.3 Pooling Layer
				4.1.4 ReLU Activation Functions
				4.1.5 Generalized Supervised Deep Learning Flowchart
		5 Proposed Work
			5.1 Capsule Networks
			5.2 Proposed Architecture
			5.3 Metrics for Evaluation
				5.3.1 Accuracy
				5.3.2 Precision
				5.3.3 Recall
				5.3.4 F1-Score
				5.3.5 False Positive Rate (FPR)
		6 Conclusion
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_10
	Deep Learning in Autoencoder Framework and Shape Prior for Hand Gesture Recognition
		1 Introduction
		2 State-of-the-Art Techniques
		3 Proposed Gesture Recognition Scheme
			3.1 Preprocessing
				3.1.1 A. Color Space Conversion
				3.1.2 Background Removal
				3.1.3 Bounding Box and Resizing
			3.2 Feature Extraction
			3.3 Classification
		4 Simulation Results and Discussions
		5 Conclusions and Future Works
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_11
	Hierarchical-Based Semantic Segmentation of 3D Point Cloud Using Deep Learning
		1 Introduction
		2 Related Work
		3 NN-Based Point Cloud Segmentation Using Octrees
			3.1 Box Search by Octrees
			3.2 Feature Hierarchy
			3.3 Permutation Invariance
			3.4 Size Invariance
			3.5 Architecture Details
		4 Experiments
			4.1 Implementation and Dataset Details
			4.2 List of Experiments
			4.3 Learning Curves
			4.4 Qualitative Results
				4.4.1 Shapenet Dataset
		5 Conclusions and Future Work
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_12
	Convolution Neural Network and Auto-encoder Hybrid Scheme for Automatic Colorization of Grayscale Images
		1 Introduction
		2 Basics of Convolution Neural Network
			2.1 Convolutional Layer
			2.2 Pooling Layer
			2.3 Fully Connected Layer
			2.4 Overfitting or Dropout
			2.5 Activation Functions
		3 Auto-encoder and Decoder Model
		4 Proposed Research Methodology
			4.1 Data Description and Design Approaches
		5 Experimental Analysis and Result
			5.1 Classification and Validation Process
			5.2 Prediction
		6 Conclusion
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_13
	Deep Learning-Based Open Set Domain Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Dimension-Reduced Spectral Features
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Dataset
			2.2 Salinas
			2.3 Salinas A
			2.4 Pavia U
		3 Experiment Results
			3.1 Dimensionality Reduction Based on Dynamic Mode Decomposition
				3.1.1 Salinas Dataset
				3.1.2 Salinas A Dataset
				3.1.3 Pavia University Dataset
			3.2 Dimension Reduction Using Chebyshev Polynomial Approximation
				3.2.1 Salinas Dataset
				3.2.2 Salinas A Dataset
				3.2.3 Pavia U Dataset
		4 Conclusion
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_14
	An Effective Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network Models
		1 Introduction
		2 Related Work
		3 Methodology
			3.1 Research Objectives
			3.2 Feature Selection
			3.3 Proposed Models
				3.3.1 CNN Model
				3.3.2 CNN with SVM Classifier
				3.3.3 CNN with RF Classifier
		4 Experimental Results and Analysis
		5 Conclusion and Future Work
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_15
	Modified Discrete Differential Evolution with Neighborhood Approach for Grayscale Image Enhancement
		1 Introduction
		2 Related Works
		3 Differential Evolution
			3.1 Classical Differential Evolution
		4 Proposed Approach
			4.1 Best Neighborhood Differential Evolution (BNDE) Mapping
		5 Phase I – Performance Comparison
			5.1 Design of Experiments – Phase I
			5.2 Results and Discussions – Phase I
		6 Phase II – Image Processing Application
			6.1 Design of Experiments – Phase II
			6.2 Results and Discussions – Phase II
		7 Conclusions
		References
978-3-031-20541-5_16
	Swarm-Based Methods Applied to Computer Vision
		Abbreviations
		1 Introduction
		2 Brief Description of Swarm-Based Methods
		3 Some Advantages of Swarm-Based Methods
		4 Swarm-Based Methods and Computer Vision
			4.1 Feature Extraction
			4.2 Image Segmentation
			4.3 Image Classification
			4.4 Object Detection
			4.5 Face Recognition
			4.6 Gesture Recognition
			4.7 Medical Image Processing
		References
1 (1)
	Index