Smart Cities: Social and Environmental Challenges and Opportunities for Local Authorities (Studies in Energy, Resource and Environmental Economics)

Foreword
Introduction
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Innovation and Smart Cities Research: A Review and Future Directions
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Method
	3 Results
		3.1 Descriptive Analysis
		3.2 Co-citation Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	6 Future Research
	References
4 IR Technologies to Facilitate Planning in Smart Cities of the Future
	1 Introduction
	2 Smart Cities and the New Technologies
		2.1 What Are Smart Cities?
		2.2 Benefits of Smart Cities
		2.3 Innovate or Die
	3 4IR Technologies for Smart Cities
		3.1 The Technologies
			3.1.1 Big Data
			3.1.2 Cloud Computing
			3.1.3 Internet of Things (IoT)
			3.1.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
			3.1.5 Robots, Co-bots, and Intelligent Automation
	4 Securing the City’s Critical Infrastructure
	5 Conclusion and Ways Forward
	References
Financing of Smart City Projects
	1 Introduction
	2 City Challenges
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Citizens Demand Ecological and Digital Services
		2.3 Legally Binding International Treaty on Climate Change, Paris Agreement
	3 Smart City
		3.1 How the Smart City Could Help Respond to the City’s Challenges
		3.2 Smart City Architecture
	4 Finance of the Smart City
		4.1 Overview
		4.2 Communication Infrastructures
		4.3 Data Infrastructures
		4.4 Public Urban Infrastructures and Services
		4.5 Private Infrastructures and Services
	5 Conclusion
	References
Smart Cities: Development and Benefits
	1 Introduction
	2 Growing Worldwide Urbanization and Its Challenges
	3 Benefits of Smart Cities
	4 Transition Pillars and Governance Required
	5 Challenges of Smart Cities
	6 Smart Data Collection
	7 Conclusion
	References
Cities: The New Form of International Environmental Governance
	1 Introduction
	2 Why Cities: An Overview of Cities’ Role in International Governance
		2.1 Background: The Re-emergence of Cities on the Global Scene
		2.2 A Necessary Partner for the Global Agenda
			2.2.1 Engines for the Global Economy
			2.2.2 Agents for Sustainable Transitions
	3 Enablers for Cities to Shape Their Growth
		3.1 Planning, Operations, and Regulations
		3.2 Budgeting and Investment Decisions
		3.3 Partnerships
		3.4 Digitization and Data
	4 Cities Alliances: A Voice in Front of National and International Audiences
		4.1 National Alliances
		4.2 International Alliances
	5 Soft Tools for a Global Influence
		5.1 Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building
		5.2 Monitoring and Reporting
		5.3 Rule and Target Setting
	6 Main Limitations of Cities
		6.1 Legislative Powers
			6.1.1 Local Policy
			6.1.2 International Policy
		6.2 Budgets and Finance
		6.3 Infrastructure Networks
		6.4 Blind Spots
			6.4.1 The Non-urban
			6.4.2 The Small Urban
	7 Conclusion
	Bibliography
		Websites
Smart Energy Cities: The Role of Behavioral Interventions in Reducing Electricity Demand in Buildings in Principality of Monaco
	1 Introduction
	2 Behavioral Economics and Policymaking
	3 Experimental Research on Smart Cities
		3.1 Smart and Energy Cities Research
		3.2 Monaco, the Smart Energy City of Southern Europe
		3.3 The White Energy Book on the Energy Transition
	4 The Smartlook Experiment
		4.1 Context of the Smartlook Field Experiment in Monaco
		4.2 The Smartlook Project’s Main Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Back to the Future: Tapping into Ancient Knowledge Toward Human-Centered Sustainable Smart Cities
	1 Introduction: Cities and Their Smart Components
	2 People Planet Prosperity
	3 Tapping into Ancient Practices
	4 Looking Up to the Future, the Need for Upscaling
	5 Conclusions: Building Through Collective Intelligence, the Indigenous Path
	References
Environmental Retrofitting, Fighting Urban Heat Island Toward NEZ Sustainable Smart Cities
	1 Intro: Heat Island and Urban Livability
	2 Factors to the Urban Heat Island
	3 Buildings’ Contribution to the Urban Heat Island
	4 A Holistic and Local-Based Approach to Fight the Urban Heat Island
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
A Comprehensive Smart System for the Social Housing Sector
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Manger’s Expectation of the Smart Transformation of the Social Housing Complex
		2.3 Tenants’ Expectations
	3 Design of the Comprehensive Smart System
		3.1 Communication Channels
		3.2 Data Collection
		3.3 Data Analysis: From Data to Smart Services
	4 Application to a Renovated Social Housing Residence
		4.1 Objectives
		4.2 Description of the Social Housing Residence and the Monitoring System
		4.3 Results of the Monitoring Program
	5 Conclusion
	References
Smart Green Planning for Urban Environments: The City Digital Twin of Imola
	1 Introduction
		1.1 State of the Art
		1.2 Conceptual Framework Planning for an Urban Microclimate Digital Twin
	2 Methods
		2.1 Automated Workflow Execution
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Smart Green Planning of Imola: Urban Microclimate Digital Twin of the City of Imola
		3.2 Objectives for Microclimate Digital Twin of the City of Imola
		3.3 Urban and Climate Context of Imola
	4 Results
		4.1 Mean Radiant Temperature at the Street Level
		4.2 The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) at the Street Level
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Performance Validation of the Digital Twin of Imola
		5.2 Application of the Cooling Scenario
	6 Conclusion
	References
MUST-B: A Multiagent Model to Address the Future Challenges of Sustainable Urban Development
	1 Introduction
	2 MUST-B: Context and Positioning
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Architecture and Operation of the Model
		3.2 Formalization and Implementation of the MUST-B Model
		3.3 The Notion of Equilibrium in MUST-B
		3.4 Theoretical Principles and Modeling
			3.4.1 Utility Functions
			3.4.2 Location Selection Mechanism
			3.4.3 Procedure for the Endogenous Offer (Developer)
			3.4.4 Mechanism of Endogenous Accessibility
	4 MUST-B: Indicators of the Complexity of the Urban Phenomenon
		4.1 Indicators Linked to Urban Planning
		4.2 Sustainability Indicators
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Systematic Literature Review on Station Area Integrating Micromobility in Europe: A Twenty-First Century Transit-Oriented Development
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Questions
		1.2 Conceptualizing Renewed Smart Growth Regions
		1.3 An Extension of the Walking Bull’s Eye
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Selection Procedure
		2.2 Search Strategy and Data Sources
		2.3 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
		2.4 Verification and Snowballing Stage
		2.5 Aspects Considered
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Research Publications on Micromobility and Transit-Oriented Development
		3.2 Current State of International Studies on Cycling and Transit Coordination
		3.3 Description of European Studies
			3.3.1 Type of Integration Recorded
			3.3.2 Case Studies and Publication Periods
			3.3.3 Research Methods
		3.4 Review of Distances Measured in Europe
		3.5 Review of TOD Aspects Studied in Europe
			3.5.1 Density
			3.5.2 Diversity
			3.5.3 Design
			3.5.4 Destination Accessibility
			3.5.5 Demand Management
	4 Revisiting the TOD Concept
		4.1 A Hybrid and Smart TOD Adaptable to Spatial Contexts
		4.2 15-Minute TOD-Friendly Areas
		4.3 Knowledge Gaps Regarding Extended TODs
	5 Conclusions
	References
Disposing of Daily Life Resources by Active Modes
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Approach
		2.1 The Concept of Ergonomics in Geography as a Result of Conceptual Transfers
		2.2 Spatial Ergonomics as a Founding Concept and Operating Model
		2.3 Spatial Ergonomics, Accessibility, Capability: Close Links But Different Objectives
			2.3.1 Spatial Ergonomics and Accessibility
				2.3.1.1 Connection Between Two Points
				2.3.1.2 Means of Transport Adapted to the User
				2.3.1.3 Taking into Account the User Constraints
			2.3.2 Spatial Ergonomics and Capability
		2.4 Territorial Modeling of the Ergonomics of Access to Daily Life Resources
	3 Development and Implementation of an Evaluation Approach of the Ergonomics of Access to Resources
		3.1 Methodological Approach and Hypotheses
		3.2 Synthetic Indicator of the Ergonomics of Access to Resources and Its Variation in Different Levels of Information
			3.2.1 Implementation of Two Joined-Up Approaches
				3.2.1.1 Local Detailed Approach
		3.3 Implementation of the Approach Within a GIS
			3.3.1 Selecting Everyday Life Resources
			3.3.2 Creation of a Geographical Information System (GIS)
			3.3.3 Itinerary Calculation
			3.3.4 Indicators for Evaluating the Ergonomics of Access to Resources
			3.3.5 Scores and Synthetic Indicator of Access Ergonomics
	4 Application to the Eurometropole de Strasbourg
	5 Results
		5.1 From the Synthetic Indicator to the Exploration of Combinations of Criteria
	6 Conclusion
	References
Mobility Hubs, an Innovative Concept for Sustainable Urban Mobility?
	1 Introduction
	2 Understanding the Mobility Hub Concept
		2.1 Mobility Hub Definition
		2.2 Mobility Hubs Requirement
		2.3 Mobility Hub Objectives
		2.4 Mobility Hub Types
	3 Insights to Be Gained
		3.1 Choice of the Type of Mobility Supply
		3.2 Choice of Partners/Providers, the Mix of Mobility Solutions
		3.3 Difficulties During Mobility Hub Implementation
	4 Ways Forward: How Can Cities Advance
	5 Further Research
	6 Conclusion
	References
Evaluating the Benefits of Promoting Intermodality and Active Modes in Urban Transportation: A Microsimulation Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 The Transport Model
		2.1 Network
		2.2 The Demand
		2.3 Overview of the Simulation Workflow
	3 Transport Flows and Intermodality
		3.1 The Base-Case Scenario
		3.2 Public Transport Accessed by Walk
		3.3 Biking as a Possible Alternative
			3.3.1 Mixed Traffic
			3.3.2 Cycle Paths
	4 Conclusion
	References
Smart Cities Initiatives and Perspectives in the MENA Region and Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Definitions and Evolution of the Smart Cities Concept
	3 Progress Toward Smart Cities in Emerging Economies
		3.1 Overview of Progress in the MENA Region
		3.2 Key Elements and Indicators of Smart Cities
	4 Smart City Initiatives in Saudi Arabia
		4.1 Saudi Arabia’s Yanbu and NEOM Smart City Concepts
		4.2 How Is a Smart City Assessed?
	5 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
	References
Smart Transportation Systems in Smart Cities: Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities for Saudi Cities
	1 Introduction
	2 Smart Transport System (STS): Applications
		2.1 Real-Time Traffic Updates and Management
		2.2 Demand-Responsive Public Transport/On-Demand Transport
		2.3 Smart Ticketing
		2.4 Ridesharing
		2.5 Smart Parking System
		2.6 Public Transport Management
		2.7 Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
	3 Smart Transport System Practices in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
		3.1 Past to Present
		3.2 Traffic Condition and Accessibility Analysis
		3.3 Freight Management and Analysis
		3.4 Walk Behavior Analysis
		3.5 Traffic Safety and Event Analysis
	4 Riyadh from the Perspective of Smart Cities
		4.1 A Concept of Smart City
		4.2 Smart City Practices in Riyadh City
	5 Conclusions: Opportunities and Challenges
	References
Smart Cities: GCC and Kuwait Experience
	1 Introduction
	2 What Is a Smart City?
	3 What Makes Smart Cities a Necessity?
	4 Smart City Structure
	5 The Smartness of a City
	6 The GCC Experience
	7 The Case of Kuwait
		7.1 Smart Cities as Urban Strategic Concerns
		7.2 Need for Smart Cities
		7.3 Smart City Initiatives
	8 Limitation Confronting Kuwait’s Smart Cities Initiatives
	9 Conclusions
	References
Smart Cities from an Indian Perspective: Evolving Ambitions
	1 Introduction
	2 Smart City Initiative’s Paradigm in India: Drivers of Its Evolution
		2.1 Transformation of the Indian Economy
		2.2 Economic Migration from Rural India
		2.3 Slow Neglect of Civic Institutional Capacities
		2.4 Rise of an Aspirational Youth Demographic
		2.5 Cities as Engines of Economic Growth
	3 Smart Cities Concept in India
		3.1 Government Policies and Objectives
		3.2 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
		3.3 Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
		3.4 National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)
		3.5 Smart Cities Mission (SCM)
	4 Urban Mobility: Transport Focus Under the Smart Cities Mission
	5 Transformation of Indian Cities: Select Case Studies
	6 Implementation of Smart Cities in India: Challenges, Insights, and Optimism
	7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
	References
Correction to: Smart Cities
	Correction to: F. Belaïd, A. Arora (eds.), Smart Cities, Studies in Energy, Resource and Environmental Economics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35664-3
Index