Smart Automotive Mobility: Reliable Technology for the Mobile Human

Preface
Contents
Editor and Contributors
1 Personalisation and Control Transition Between Automation and Driver in Highly Automated Cars
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Action Recognition for Driver Monitoring
		1.2.1 Impact of Driver Activities on Takeover Manoeuvres
		1.2.2 Action Recognition in Computer Vision and Its Application in the Interior of Cars
		1.2.3 Drive&Act Dataset for Fine-Grained Driver Activity Recognition
		1.2.4 Recognition Approaches
		1.2.5 Approach Based on Body Pose and 3D Model
		1.2.6 CNN-Based Models
	1.3 Evaluation and Discussion
	1.4 Human–Machine Interface and Control Transition Concept
		1.4.1 Transition Phase 1—Priming the Driver
		1.4.2 Transition Phase 2—Supporting the Driver to Take Over the Control
	1.5 Implementation Aspects
		1.5.1 Driving Scenarios
		1.5.2 Concept Vision
		1.5.3 System Architecture
		1.5.4 Mobile Device/Mobile Phone Application
	1.6 Study Results
		1.6.1 Preparations
		1.6.2 Simulator Studies
		1.6.3 Driving Study—Perception of Use Cases in Personalised and Individualised Driving
		1.6.4 Study Results—Perception of Use Cases in Individualised and Personalised Driving (Subjective) and the Effect of Secondary Tasks
		1.6.5 Study Results—Perception of Use Cases in Individualised and Personalised Driving (Objective)/Driving Data
	1.7 Summary and Discussion of the Studies
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
2 KomfoPilot—Comfortable Automated Driving
	2.1 Background, Aims and Summary of Results
		2.1.1 Background
		2.1.2 Project Aims
		2.1.3 Summary of Results
	2.2 Methodology of the KomfoPilot Project
		2.2.1 Study Overview
		2.2.2 Cross-Study Assessment Methods
		2.2.3 Driving Simulator Study 1—Driving Style Evaluation
		2.2.4 Driving Simulator Study 2—HMI Evaluation
		2.2.5 Test Track Study—Driving Style Evaluation
	2.3 Enhancing Comfort in Automated Driving—User Evaluation of Different Strategies on a General Level
		2.3.1 Overview
		2.3.2 Driving Simulator Study 1—Driving Style Evaluation
		2.3.3 Driving Simulator Study 2—HMI Evaluation
		2.3.4 Test Track Study—Driving Style Evaluation
	2.4 Discomfort Related to Driving Situations and Driving Style
		2.4.1 Data Preparation
		2.4.2 Results
		2.4.3 Discussion
	2.5 Physiological Indicators of Discomfort
		2.5.1 Physiology and Discomfort
		2.5.2 The Smartband MS Band 2 as Sensor for Physiology
		2.5.3 Processing of Physiological Data
		2.5.4 Results
		2.5.5 Discussion and Conclusions
	2.6 Algorithm Development for Discomfort Detection
		2.6.1 Measurement of Discomfort
		2.6.2 Estimation of Discomfort
		2.6.3 Data and Data Processing
		2.6.4 Results
		2.6.5 Discussion and Conclusions
	2.7 Legal Aspects of Camera-Supported Driving Comfort Recording
		2.7.1 Camera-Based Real-Time Comfort Measurement
		2.7.2 Data Protection Law
		2.7.3 Art Copyright Law
		2.7.4 Project-Related Solutions
	References
3 KoFFI—The New Driving Experience: How to Cooperate with Automated Driving Vehicles
	3.1 Starting Your Journey/Introduction
	3.2 Data Protection and Selected Legal Issues of Automated Driving
		3.2.1 Introduction
		3.2.2 A Short Comparative Law Trip
		3.2.3 Project-Related Data (Types): Personal Data?
		3.2.4 Personal Data: Who is Who?
		3.2.5 Potential Recipients of the Data and Data Mobility
		3.2.6 The Road Ahead
		3.2.7 Conclusion
	3.3 Design of a Guardian Angel
		3.3.1 Why Do We Need a Guardian Angel in the Car?
		3.3.2 Designing the Guardian Angel
		3.3.3 Changing the Perspective of the Driver
		3.3.4 Summary
	3.4 Cooperation at System Limits of Automated Cars and Human Beings
		3.4.1 Driver Limitation/Cooperation
		3.4.2 Cooperation at System Limits
	3.5 Innovative Speech Dialogue System
		3.5.1 Introduction: Trust and Explanations with Highly Automated Vehicles
		3.5.2 What Does the Driver Say?
		3.5.3 Explanations
		3.5.4 Prioritization and Urgency
		3.5.5 Architecture
		3.5.6 Conclusion and Future Work
	3.6 The Making of an Automated Driving HMI
	3.7 How to Apply Ethics-By-Design
		3.7.1 Challenges and Questions
		3.7.2 What is Ethics (By Design)?
		3.7.3 Open Questions
		3.7.4 The KoFFI Questionnaire
		3.7.5 The 5 Ethical Imperatives
	3.8 Lessons Learned/Cooperated Driving
	References
4 Ethical Recommendations for Cooperative Driver-Vehicle Interaction—Guidelines for Highly Automated Driving
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 What Are Ethical Guidelines?
		4.1.2 What is Ethics?
		4.1.3 Implementing Ethics in Research and Development and into the New Product
		4.1.4 Key Points for Ethical Guidelines
		4.1.5 Guidelines for Highly Automated Driving
		4.1.6 What to Do? Practical Examples and Questions for Self-Assessment
		4.1.7 Questionnaire for Ethical Self-assessment
	References
5 Vorreiter: Manoeuvre-Based Steering Gestures for Partially and Highly Automated Driving
	5.1 Biologically Inspired Manoeuvre Gestures for Partially and Highly Automated Driving: Introduction and Overview
		5.1.1 Introduction: Humans, Automation and the Quest for Intuitive Interaction and Cooperation
		5.1.2 Vehicle Automation and Autonomous Functions
		5.1.3 Manoeuvre-Based Driving and Gestures
		5.1.4 Gestures for Manoeuvre-Based Driving in the BMBF Project “Vorreiter”
	5.2 Design and Use Space of Manoeuvre Gestures
		5.2.1 Introduction
		5.2.2 Requirement Analysis and System Qualities
		5.2.3 Structures and Dimensions of the System: Design and Use Space
		5.2.4 Iterative Design: Structuring of Design Space and Use Space
		5.2.5 Further Development of Manoeuvres in Their Use Space and User Groups
	5.3 Vorreiter User Groups and Their Requirements Based on Empirical User Research
		5.3.1 Introduction
		5.3.2 Mass Market
		5.3.3 Novice and Younger Drivers
		5.3.4 Older Drivers Who Are no Longer Fully Fit to Drive
		5.3.5 People with Disabilities
	5.4 Interviews at Paravan: Exploration of Driving Gestures for People with Disabilities
		5.4.1 Introduction
		5.4.2 Clinical Pictures and Previous Driving Solutions for Physical Disabled People
		5.4.3 Exploration Results
		5.4.4 Discussion of the Gestures Proposed by People with Disabilities
	5.5 Explorative Design and Development of Swipe Gestures for Interaction with Highly Automated Cars
		5.5.1 Introduction
		5.5.2 Diary Studies and Future Workshops
		5.5.3 Exploration with Extreme Users
		5.5.4 Future Workshops and Swipe Gesture Design
		5.5.5 Joint Application Development with Usability Experts
		5.5.6 Evaluation in the Driving Simulator (Wizard-of-Oz)
	5.6 Wizard-of-Oz Vehicle for the Test of Manoeuvre Gestures
		5.6.1 Introduction
		5.6.2 History of the Wizard-of-Oz Method Applied to Vehicles and the General Test Set-Up
		5.6.3 The Vorreiter Test Vehicle Set-Up
	5.7 Manoeuvre-Based Steering Gestures—The Legal Point of View
		5.7.1 Introduction
		5.7.2 The Technology and Its Objectives
		5.7.3 Admissibility of (Use of) Technology
		5.7.4 Liability Law: Settlement of Damages
		5.7.5 Driving Licence Law: Rules on Entitlement to Application
		5.7.6 Summary
	5.8 Towards a Catalogue of Manoeuvre Gestures for Partially and Highly Automated Driving: Results from Vorreiter
		5.8.1 Introduction
		5.8.2 First Gesture Catalogue for Manoeuvre-Based Driving
		5.8.3 Details of the Gesture Recognition
		5.8.4 Mediation of Driving Manoeuvres
		5.8.5 Summary
	5.9 The Valeo Steering Wheel as an Innovative HMI for Steering Gestures
		5.9.1 Introduction
		5.9.2 Interface for Steering Gestures
		5.9.3 Gain and Increase Trust to Assisted and Automated Driving Functions to Ensure a High Frequent Use of These
		5.9.4 Easy and Lean Integration to Ensure the Path to Industrialization
	5.10 Experimental Results for Swipe Gestures Versus Joystick in a Virtual Reality User Study
		5.10.1 Introduction
		5.10.2 Hypotheses
		5.10.3 Method Study 1
		5.10.4 Results of VR Study 1
		5.10.5 Discussion of Study 1
		5.10.6 Method of VR Study 2
		5.10.7 Results of VR Study 2
		5.10.8 Discussion of VR Study 2
		5.10.9 General Discussion
		5.10.10 Qualitative Trial with Expert User
	5.11 Experimental Results for Push/Twist Versus Swipe Gestures on a Steering Wheel in Partially and Highly Automated Driving
		5.11.1 Introduction
		5.11.2 Method
		5.11.3 First Results
		5.11.4 Discussion
		5.11.5 Qualitative Study with Driver with Disability
	5.12 Outlook: Real Vehicle Testing Platform for and Towards a Standardized Catalogue of Cooperative Steering Gestures
	References
6 Light-Based Communication to Further Cooperation in Road Traffic
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Need for Cooperation in Traffic
		6.2.1 Method of the Audio Study
		6.2.2 Method of the Online Survey
		6.2.3 Subjective Needs in Road Traffic and Their Consequences
	6.3 Explaining Intentions and Expressing Gratitude
		6.3.1 Method
		6.3.2 Results
	6.4 Communicating One’s Intentions—“I Would like to Enter the Main Road!”
		6.4.1 Method
		6.4.2 Results
	6.5 Light-Based Communication in Traffic
	References