Smart, Resilient and Transition Cities: Emerging Approaches and Tools for A Climate-Sensitive Urban Development

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SMART, RESILIENT AND TRANSITION CITIES
SMART, RESILIENT AND TRANSITION CITIES: EMERGING APPROACHES ANDTOOLS FOR A CLIMATE-SENSITIVEURBAN DEVELOPMENT
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Foreword
	References
Introduction
	References
I -METAPHORS TO ENHANCE CITIES' CAPACITY TO COPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE
	1 - The Smart City Metaphor to Foster Collaborative and Adaptive Decision-Making Processes in the Face of Climate I ...
		1.1 INTRODUCING THE SMART CITY METAPHOR
		1.2 THE SMART CITY BETWEEN CONFLICTING APPROACHES AND GOALS: LOOKING FOR NEW DIRECTIONS
		1.3 SMART CITY INITIATIVES: FROM SECTORAL TOWARD INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVES
		1.4 THE GOVERNANCE OF THE SMART CITY: FROM TOP-DOWN INITIATIVES TOWARD COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES
		1.5 INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE, AND LEARNING FOR ADAPTIVE CITIES
		1.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
		References
		Further Reading
	2 - The Resilient City Metaphor to Enhance Cities' Capabilities to Tackle Complexities and Uncertainties Arising Fr ...
		2.1 INTRODUCING THE RESILIENT CITY METAPHOR
		2.2 TRACING THE EVOLUTION OF RESILIENCE ACROSS DISCIPLINARY BOUNDARIES: EMERGING PERSPECTIVES
		2.3 THE RESILIENT CITY INITIATIVES: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
		2.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
		References
	3 - The Transition Approach in Urban Innovations: Local Responses to Climate Change
		3.1 SOCIETAL TRANSITION MODELS
			3.1.1 Governance of Transition Management
		3.2 TRANSITION INITIATIVES
		3.3 THE TRANSITION (TOWNS) NETWORK
		3.4 TRANSITION INITIATIVES: INNOVATIONS FOR FACING URBAN CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES
			3.4.1 Complex Systems Approach
			3.4.2 Process as Focus of Transition Metaphor
			3.4.3 Governance of Transition Processes
			3.4.4 Institutional-Led and Community-Led Processes
			3.4.5 Nonlinear Transition Processes and Seeds of Innovation
			3.4.6 Local-Global Dimensions
			3.4.7 Transition Tools: Coproduction, Adaptive Learning, and Codesign Tools
			3.4.8 The Networking Level Develops Tools to Support the Success of Single-Transition Initiatives
			3.4.9 Transition Tools: Monitoring
		References
		Further Reading
	4 - Smart, Resilient, and Transition Cities: Commonalities, Peculiarities and Hints for Future Approaches
		4.1 THREE URBAN METAPHORS
		4.2 COMMONALITIES AND PECULIARITIES OF THE THREE METAPHORS IN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
		4.3 COMMONALITIES AND PECULIARITIES OF THE THREE METAPHORS IN CURRENT PRACTICES
		4.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
		References
II - LARGE-SCALE STRATEGIES TO COUNTERBALANCE CLIMATE CHANGE
	5 - European Strategies and Initiatives to Tackle Climate Change: Toward an Integrated Approach
		5.1 EUROPE AND CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES
		5.2 EUROPEAN STRATEGIES TO COUNTERBALANCE CLIMATE CHANGE
			5.2.1 European Mitigation Goals and Strategies
			5.2.2 European Adaptation Strategies
			5.2.3 Europe Toward an Integrated Climate Strategy
		5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS: WHICH FUTURE FOR CLIMATE POLICIES IN EUROPE?
		References
	6 - The American Approach to Climate Change: A General Overview and a Focus on Northern and Arctic Regions
		6.1 STRATEGIES AND INITIATIVES IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE: THE AMERICAN APPROACH
		6.2 FOCUSING ON NORTHERN AND ARCTIC REGIONS
		References
		Further Reading
	7 - Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Initiatives in Africa: The Case of the Climate and Development Knowled ...
		7.1 INTRODUCTION
		7.2 BACKGROUND: RESILIENCE AS A CONVENING CONCEPT FOR INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION11THIS SECTION IS REP ...
		7.3 CASE STUDY: THE CLIMATE AND DEVELOPMENT KNOWLEDGE NETWORK “WORKING WITH INFORMALITY TO BUILD RESILIENCE IN AFRICAN CITIES”  ...
		7.4 LESSONS LEARNED
		7.5 CONCLUSION
		References
	8 - Addressing Climate Change in China: Policies and Governance
		8.1 INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY IN CHINA
		8.2 CLIMATE GOVERNANCE
		8.3 STRATEGIES AND INITIATIVES IN CLIMATE CHANGE
		8.4 MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION IN CITIES
		8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
		References
	9 - Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies in the Face of Climate Change: The Australian Approach
		9.1 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES IN AUSTRALIA
		9.2 SIGNIFICANT MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES BY THE AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
		9.3 BEYOND MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION: CLIMATE CHANGE AS A CONTESTED POLITICAL ISSUE
		9.4 CONCLUSIONS: WHICH APPROACH FOR MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION IN AUSTRALIA?
		Acknowledgments
		References
III - CITIES DEALING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE: INSTITUTIONAL PRACTICES
	10 - European Cities Addressing Climate Change
		10.1 THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF CITIES IN COUNTERBALANCING CLIMATE CHANGE
		10.2 EUROPEAN CITIES ADDRESSING MITIGATION ISSUES: THE COVENANT OF MAYORS INITIATIVE
		10.3 EUROPEAN CITIES ADDRESSING ADAPTATION ISSUES: THE MAYORS ADAPT INITIATIVE
		10.4 EUROPEAN CITIES EMBRACING AN INTEGRATED CLIMATE STRATEGY: THE NEW COVENANT OF MAYORS FOR CLIMATE AND ENERGY
		10.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
		References
	11 - Adaptation and Spatial Planning Responses to Climate Change Impacts in the United Kingdom: The Case Study of P ...
		11.1 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
			11.1.1 Portsmouth
			11.1.2 Climate Change Impacts on Portsmouth
		11.2 PORTSMOUTH'S CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND PLANNING RESPONSES
		11.3 TOWARD A RESILIENT PORTSMOUTH
			11.3.1 Enhanced Cognitive Dimension of the Major Problems Affecting the City
			11.3.2 Protected Coastline and Reduction of the Impacts of Flooding on Developments
			11.3.3 Minimized Impacts of Any Emergency With a Rapid and Appropriate Response
			11.3.4 Implemented Water Efficiency Measures
		11.4 CONCLUSIONS
		Disclaimer
		References
	12 - Land-Use Planning and Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Urban Regions: The Cases of Rostock and Riga
		12.1 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND LAND-USE PLANNING IN URBAN REGIONS
			12.1.1 Rostock Case
			12.1.2 Riga Case
		12.2 CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND BARRIERS FOR RESILIENT LAND-USE PLANNING
			12.2.1 Land-Use Planning Challenged by Specific Characteristics of Climate Change, Its Effects and Potential Impacts
			12.2.2 Barriers and Opportunities Offered by Land-Use Planning to Address These Challenges
			12.2.3 Barriers and Opportunities Related to, But Outside of, Land-Use Planning
		12.3 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
		Acknowledgments
		References
	13 - Importance of Multisector Collaboration in Dealing With Climate Change Adaptation: The Case of Belgrade
		13.1 THE BELGRADE LOCAL CONTEXT
		13.2 CURRENT INITIATIVES/PRACTICES
			13.2.1 Environmental Atlas of Belgrade (1998–2002)
			13.2.2 Green Regulation of Belgrade (2002–07)
			13.2.3 Regional Spatial Plan of Belgrade (2003, 2011)
			13.2.4 City of Belgrade Development Strategy (2007–11)
			13.2.5 Emergency Management Unit (2012–16)
			13.2.6 Inventory of Landslides (2010–16)
			13.2.7 Climate Change Adaptation Plan and Vulnerability Assessment (2015)
			13.2.8 Belgrade as Part of the 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) Network (2015)
			13.2.9 Establishment of the Division of Climate Change, Energy Efficiency, and Renewable Energy (2016)
			13.2.10 Protection and Rescue Plan and Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
			13.2.11 City of Belgrade General Urban Plan (2016)
			13.2.12 Operationalization of Climate Change Adaptation Measures (2016)
		13.3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT INITIATIVES/PRACTICES
			13.3.1 Transition and the Resilient City
			13.3.2 Level of Integration Between Mitigation and Adaptation Initiatives and Plans
			13.3.3 Mainstreaming of Mitigation and Adaptation Practices into Urban Planning Processes
			13.3.4 Existing/Potential Barriers or Criticalities that Might Be Obstacles to Achievement of the Expected Goals
		References
		Further Reading
	14 - Genoa and Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation Policies
		14.1 THE GENOA CASE STUDY: CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
			14.1.1 Climate and Climate Change in Genoa
		14.2 DESCRIPTION OF CURRENT CLIMATE INITIATIVES IN GENOA
		14.3 CONCLUSIONS AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS
		References
		Further Reading
	15 - The Evolution of Flooding Resilience: The Case of Barcelona
		15.1 INTRODUCTION: FLOODING RESILIENCE AND BARCELONA
		15.2 FIRST PATTERNS OF FLOODING RESILIENCE: LINKS BETWEEN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS DESIGN AND URBAN PLANS
		15.3 BARCELONA OLYMPIC MODEL FRAMING THE CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES IN FLOODING RESILIENCE
		15.4 SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE: ENHANCING DECENTRALIZATION FOR THE FUTURE OF URBAN FLOODING RESILIENCE
		15.5 CONCLUSIONS
		References
	16 - Athens Facing Climate Change: How Low Perceptions and the Economic Crisis Cancel Institutional Efforts
		16.1 THE PROFILE OF METROPOLITAN ATHENS: CURRENT VULNERABILITIES, EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESILIENCE ASSETS
			16.1.1 Demographic, Social, Economic, and Governance Features of the Metropolitan Area
			16.1.2 The Building Stock, Urban Form, and Green Infrastructure in the Municipality of Athens: Exposure Issues
			16.1.3 Climate Change Trends in Athens Metropolitan Area—Catalysts and Impacts
		16.2 CURRENT RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE: POLICIES, INITIATIVES, PRACTICES
		16.3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT POLICIES, INITIATIVES, AND PRACTICES
		References
	17 - Sustainability of Climate Policy at Local Level: The Case of Gaziantep City
		17.1 INTRODUCTION
		17.2 THE CLIMATE POLICY IN TURKEY
		17.3 THE CASE STUDY OF GAZIANTEP
			17.3.1 A Brief Introduction About the City
			17.3.2 Climate Governance in Gaziantep
			17.3.3 Specific Climate Change Actions in Gaziantep
		17.4 CONCLUDING DISCUSSION
		References
	18 - Toward Integration: Managing the Divergence Between National Climate Change Interventions and Urban Planning i ...
		18.1 BACKGROUND
		18.2 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES
			18.2.1 Climate Change Issues in National Development Policy Frameworks3
			18.2.2 Climate Change and the Guidelines for the Preparation of Medium-Term Development Plans
			18.2.3 Urban Climate Change Interventions in National Development Policy Frameworks
		18.3 CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN PLANNING IN THE KUMASI METROPOLIS
			18.3.1 Climate Change and Urban Development Plans of the Kumasi Metropolis
			18.3.2 Climate Change Interventions in Urban Development Plans
		18.4 MANAGING THE NATIONAL AND URBAN PLANNING DIVERGENCE
		References
	19 - Spatial Planning for Climate Adaptation and Flood Risk: Development of the Sponge City Program in Guangzhou
		19.1 INTRODUCTION
		19.2 THE PROFILE OF GUANGZHOU: RAPID URBANIZATION AND EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
			19.2.1 Demographic, Social, Economic, and Political Features in the Trend of Rapid Urbanization
			19.2.2 Climate Change and Flood Vulnerability in Guangzhou
		19.3 SPONGE CITY: SHIFTING THE SPATIAL PLANNING FRAME
			19.3.1 Previous Flood Concerns: A Section in the Latest Spatial Planning Documents With Limited Attention
			19.3.2 New Understanding of Flood Risk as a Spatial Issue Related to Climate Change
			19.3.3 Toward Mainstreaming and Multifunctional Interventions
			19.3.4 New Regulatory Tools to Regulate the Competition for Land Between High-density Development and Water Retention and Detention
			19.3.5 A Rise of Status of Spatial Planning in a New Flood Governance
		19.4 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MUNICIPAL INTERPRETATION OF THE SPONGE CITY PROGRAM IN GUANGZHOU
			19.4.1 Potential Criticality in the Recognition of the Coastal Flooding and Socioeconomic Trends
			19.4.2 The Mismatch Between Dynamic Changes in Flood Risk and a Static Regulatory Index
			19.4.3 Potential Challenges in the Horizontal Collaborative Implementation Around the Corner
			19.4.4 Potential Conflicts Between Limited Subsidy and Long-term Investment in the Top-down Affairs
		19.5 CONCLUSIONS
		References
	20 - Climate Change and Australian Local Governments: Adaptation Between Strategic Planning and Challenges in Newca ...
		20.1 INTRODUCTION
		20.2 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION BETWEEN LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT
		20.3 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND THE TARGET ON LOCAL COMMUNITIES
		20.4 CHALLENGES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
		20.5 CONCLUSION
		Acknowledgments
		References
IV - CITIES DEALING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE: TRANSITION INITIATIVES
	21 - Transition Initiatives: Three Exploration Paths
		21.1 TRANSITION INITIATIVES: THREE EXPLORATION PATHS
		21.2 TRANSITION NETWORK
			21.2.1 Transition Town Network Evolution
			21.2.2 Transition Town Initiatives: Geographies and Distribution
		21.3 TRANSITION INITIATIVES ACTING ON URBAN COMMONS AND PUBLIC LIFE
		21.4 RESILIENCE PRACTICES OBSERVATORY
		21.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
		References
	22 - Transition Towns Network in the United Kingdom: The Case of Totnes
		22.1 TOTNES TRANSITION TOWN
		References
	23 - Transition Towns Network in Italy: The Case of Monteveglio
		23.1 MONTEVEGLIO TRANSITION TOWN
		23.2 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INITIATIVE
		References
	24 - Model for Integrated Urban Disaster Risk Management at the Local Level: Bottom-Up Initiatives of Academics
		24.1 INTRODUCTION
			24.1.1 Background Characteristics of the Municipality of Obrenovac
			24.1.2 State of Resilience in the Municipality of Obrenovac
		24.2 INITIATIVE BY THE INTEGRATED URBANISM MASTER'S PROGRAM TO BUILD UDRM CAPACITY AT THE LOCAL AUTHORITY
			24.2.1 Role of the Integrated Urbanism Program in Building Professional Capacity
			24.2.2 Overview of the Academic Initiative
			24.2.3 Achievements
		24.3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INITIATIVE
		References
	25 - Enhancing Community Resilience in Barcelona: Addressing Climate Change and Social Justice Through Spaces of Co ...
		25.1 ADAPTING AND MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE FROM BELOW
			25.1.1 Exploring Community-Led Initiatives in Barcelona: From Energy to Housing and Mobility
			25.1.2 Integrated Approaches from Cocreation to Squatting
		25.2 FROM COMMUNITY-LED TO COMANAGEMENT: THE PLA BUITS EXPERIENCE
		25.3 DISCUSSION: PROMISES FROM A NEW GOVERNANCE MODEL DEALING WITH COMANAGEMENT?
		Acknowledgment
		References
	26 - Barriers to Societal Response and a Strategic Action Plan Toward Climate Change Adaptation and Urban Resilienc ...
		26.1 INTRODUCTION
		26.2 PHYSICAL DIMENSION: INCREASING EXPOSURE AND SYSTEMIC VULNERABILITY
		26.3 SOCIETAL CONCERNS: STAKEHOLDER COORDINATION AND COLLABORATION
		26.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
		References
		Further Reading
	27 - Victims or Survivors: Resilience From the Slum Dwellers’ Perspective
		27.1 PEDDA JALARIPETA (LARGE FISHING VILLAGE)
			27.1.1 Pedda Jalaripeta Social, Cultural, and Economic Identity
		27.2 DATA SOURCES AND COLLECTION
		27.3 SURVIVING DISASTERS THROUGH COLLABORATION: FIRE AND GENTRIFICATION/EVICTION
			27.3.1 Fire
			27.3.2 Gentrification/Eviction
		27.4 COLLABORATING, EMPOWERING, AND EDUCATING
		References
	28 - Bottom-Up Initiatives for Climate Change Mitigation: Transition Town in Newcastle
		28.1 INTRODUCTION
		28.2 TRANSITION AND TRANSITION TOWN
		28.3 TRANSITION NEWCASTLE
			28.3.1 Newcastle Upcycle
			28.3.2 Transition Street
			28.3.3 Nourishing Newcastle Urban Tucker Stall
		28.4 TRANSITION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRANSITION NEWCASTLE
		Acknowledgments
		References
V - CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES: HINTS FOR INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVES
	29 - Integrated Knowledge in Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Mitigation to Support Planning for Reconstruction
		29.1 CITIES AS COMPLEX ENTITIES
		29.2 DEALING WITH HAZARDS AND RISK IN CONTEMPORARY CITIES: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE
		29.3 RESILIENCE: WILL THIS CONCEPT PROVIDE THE NECESSARY LINK BETWEEN DISASTER SCIENTISTS, CLIMATE CHANGE EXPERTS, AND PLANNERS?
		29.4 KNOWLEDGE SUPPORTING BETTER AND MORE ADAPTIVE RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION
		29.5 AN EXAMPLE OF THE POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF A MULTIRISK, ATTENTIVE-TO-CLIMATE CHANGE RECOVERY AFTER A DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKE: ...
		References
		Further Reading
	30 - Boundaries, Overlaps and Conflicts Between Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change. Are There ...
		30.1 CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER RISK: ARE THEY RELATED?
		30.2 DRR AND ADAPTATION TO CC: CONVERGENCES AND MISMATCHES IN TERMINOLOGY, PROCESSES, AND TOOLS
		30.3 THE NEED FOR AND PROSPECTS OF INTEGRATION OF DRR AND ADAPTATION TO CC
		References
		Further Reading
	31 - The Contribution of the Economic Thinking to Innovate Disaster Risk Reduction Policies and Action
		31.1 URBAN SYSTEMS AND DISASTERS FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
		31.2 COPING WITH DISASTER RISK: HOW ECONOMIC UNDERSTANDING MIGHT ENHANCE THE DRR ACTION
		31.3 CBA AS AN ECONOMIC-BASED TOOL TO ENHANCE DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN DRR ACTION AND TERRITORIAL RESILIENCE
		31.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
		References
		Further Reading
	32 - Flood Resilient Districts: Integrating Expert and Community Knowledge in Genoa
		32.1 URBAN CONTEXT, ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CITIZENS' ENGAGEMENT
		32.2 MAIN METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND THEIR IMPACTS
		32.3 MAIN FRAGILITIES
		32.4 THE SUGGESTED LOCAL STRATEGY OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND PLANNING OF ACTIONS
			32.4.1 Hydraulic Analysis
			32.4.2 Economic Evaluation
			32.4.3 Evaluation of the Activation Time
			32.4.4 Evaluation of Effectiveness
		32.5 CONCLUSIONS AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS
		References
		Further Reading
VI - TOWARDS A CLIMATE-SENSITIVE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
	33 - Drawing Lessons From Experience1
		33.1 LARGE-SCALE STRATEGIES IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE: TRAJECTORIES AND BARRIERS
			33.1.1 Heterogeneous Political Systems Dealing With Climate Issues
			33.1.2 Large-Scale Climate Strategies and Urban Metaphors
			33.1.3 The Difficult Paths Toward Climate Strategies
			33.1.4 The Pivotal Role of Cities
		33.2 CLIMATE POLICIES AT LOCAL LEVEL: DRAWING UPON CITIES' EXPERIENCES
			33.2.1 Case Studies: General Overview
			33.2.2 Case Studies: Conceptual Framings
			33.2.3 Climate Urban Policies Between Persistence, Adaptability, Transformability, and Learning Capacity
			33.2.4 Climate Urban Policies Between Sectoral and Integrated Approaches
			33.2.5 Governance Models: Cues of Innovation and Signs of Weaknesses
			33.2.6 Barriers to Effective Climate Urban Policies
		33.3 TRANSITION INITIATIVES IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE: HINTS FROM CURRENT PRACTICES
			33.3.1 Transition Initiatives: General Overview and (Local) Scale Focus
			33.3.2 Transition Initiatives: Conceptual Framings
			33.3.3 Persistence, Adaptability, and Transformability in Transition Initiatives
			33.3.4 Governance Models in Transition Initiatives: Hints for Innovation
			33.3.5 Transition Tools for Climate Urban Actions
			33.3.6 Barriers and Opportunities in Transition Initiatives
		33.4 FINAL REMARKS
		References
	34 - Future Perspectives: Key Principles for a Climate Sensitive Urban Development1
		34.1 INTRODUCTION
		34.2 THE KEY PRINCIPLES FOR CLIMATE-SENSITIVE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
			34.2.1 Integration
			34.2.2 Mainstreaming
			34.2.3 Transformative
			34.2.4 Capacity Building
			34.2.5 Governance
		References
Index
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