Small Cell Carcinomas: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

SMALL CELL CARCINOMAS: CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Abstract......Page 19
Abbreviations list......Page 20
1.1.1. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes......Page 21
1.1.3. The “hallmarks” of tumorigenic phenotype......Page 22
1.2.1. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides......Page 23
1.2.3. RNA interference......Page 26
2. The Challenge of Target Validation in SCLC......Page 28
3.1. Anchorage-Independency and Anchorage Signaling......Page 29
3.1.1. Integrins and chemokine receptors......Page 30
3.1.2. Autocrine loops 1 – G-protein coupled receptors and downstream effectors......Page 31
3.1.3. Autocrine loops 2 - receptor tyrosine kinases and downstreameffectors......Page 32
3.2.2. PI3K/Akt pathway......Page 33
3.2.4. Scr family......Page 34
3.3. Limitless Replicative Potential......Page 35
3.4.1. RAD51......Page 36
3.4.3. S-phase kinase associated protein 2......Page 37
4.1. Myc Family......Page 38
4.2.2. In vitro modulation of Bcl-2......Page 39
4.2.4. Bcl-xL and multitargeting of anti-apoptotic proteins......Page 40
5. Delivery of Gene Silencing Agents in SCLC......Page 41
6. Conclusion......Page 43
Acknowledgments......Page 44
References......Page 45
Abstract......Page 69
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)......Page 70
Cytodiagnostic Tools for SCLC......Page 71
Cytomorphology of SCLC......Page 72
Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma (EPSCC)......Page 73
Skin......Page 74
Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 75
Metastatic Lesions of SCC......Page 76
Limitations of Cytomorphology andDifferential Diagnostic Problems......Page 79
SCLC vs. EPSCC......Page 80
Association with Other Neoplasms with SCLC and EPSCC......Page 81
Carcinomas of Lung......Page 82
SCLC vs. EPSCC......Page 84
SCC of Breast......Page 85
SCC of Cervix......Page 86
Role of Cytology in Management......Page 87
References......Page 88
Abstract......Page 97
Staging and Clinical Work-up......Page 98
Role of chemotherapy......Page 100
Relative Integration of Thoracic RT withChemotherapy for LS-SCLC......Page 101
Thoracic RT Dose-Fractionation......Page 102
Thoracic RT Target Volume......Page 104
Ongoing Clinical Trials......Page 106
RT Dose/Fractionation for PCI......Page 107
Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation......Page 108
Thoracic RT for ES-SCLC......Page 109
Conclusion......Page 110
References......Page 112
Abstract......Page 119
Clinical Presentation......Page 120
Pathological Features......Page 121
Tumor Specimens......Page 123
Immunohistochemistry......Page 124
Statistical Analysis......Page 125
Immunohistochemistry......Page 126
Polymorphic DNA Markers and PCR-LOH......Page 129
Methylation Analysis......Page 130
Survival Analysis......Page 131
Discussion......Page 132
Acknowledgments......Page 134
References......Page 135
1. Introduction......Page 141
2.3. The Influence of Thermoplastic Patient Fixation on Tumor Motions......Page 142
3.1. Dynamic MR-based Analysis of Tumor Movement......Page 143
Tumor movement analysis......Page 144
Patient selection......Page 146
Patient positioning, planning CT......Page 148
Planning, image fusion, DVH analysis......Page 149
Patient positioning, CT scan......Page 150
CT imaging......Page 151
Statistical analysis......Page 152
4.2. The Effect of the Tumor Movements for the Treatment Planning......Page 154
4.3. The Influence of the Thermoplastic Patient Fixation on Tumor Motions......Page 156
- Diaphragmatic movements......Page 157
5.1. Dynamic MR-based Analysis of Tumor Movement......Page 158
5.3. The Influence of Thermoplastic Patient Fixation on Tumor Motions......Page 160
6.1. Dynamic MRI-based Movement Analysis......Page 161
References......Page 162
Introduction......Page 167
Clinical Features Due to Local Growth......Page 168
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVS) in SCLC......Page 169
Tracheal Compression......Page 170
Clinical Features Secondary to Metastatic Disease......Page 171
Cushing’s Syndrome:......Page 172
Limbic Encephalopathy:......Page 173
Dermatomyositis:......Page 174
Comparison of Clinical Presentationof SCLC versus NSCLC (Table 4)......Page 175
Screening of Lung Cancer......Page 176
Genetic abnormalities......Page 177
Sputum Cytology......Page 178
Flexible Bronchoscopy (FB)......Page 179
Bone Scan......Page 180
Trans-Esophageal Endoscopic Ultrasound Scanning (EUS)......Page 181
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)......Page 182
References......Page 183
Methods......Page 185
Introduction......Page 186
Literature Acquisition......Page 187
Micro-chip arrays and functional genomics......Page 188
Proteomics......Page 189
Improvements in Radiologic Techniques......Page 190
Nanoparticles therapeutics and gene therapy......Page 191
Conclusion......Page 192
References......Page 193
Abstract......Page 197
Introduction......Page 198
Results......Page 200
Comments......Page 204
Conclusion......Page 206
References......Page 207
Abstract......Page 211
Introduction......Page 212
References......Page 214
Initial Chemotherapy Choice......Page 217
Chemotherapy Adaptations......Page 218
Cephalic Radiation......Page 219
References......Page 220
Patients and Methods......Page 223
Patients and Methods......Page 224
Case 2......Page 225
Case 4......Page 226
Case 5......Page 227
Discussion......Page 228
References......Page 229
Index......Page 231