Small Business Clustering Technologies: Applications in Marketing, Management, IT and Economics

Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 13
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 21
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 23
Executive Summary......Page 27
Understanding the Labor Market Context and Developments......Page 29
Making Reforms Work in Public Training......Page 30
Opening Markets for Nongovernment Training Institutions......Page 32
Recognizing Formal Sector Enterprises as Trainers......Page 33
Building Skills for the Informal Economy......Page 34
Promoting Training Reforms with Financing......Page 35
Moving Forward with Reforms......Page 37
Note......Page 40
The Rationale for Training......Page 41
Importance of Training in Sub-Saharan Africa Today......Page 42
Issues Surrounding TVET......Page 43
Highlights of Developments in the 1990s......Page 45
International Assistance for Skills Development......Page 47
Highlights of the Literature......Page 52
Modeling Training Decisions......Page 54
The Africa Regional Review of Skills Development......Page 58
Notes......Page 63
Introduction......Page 65
Income and Poverty......Page 66
Labor Supply......Page 70
2.6 Education Levels of Household Heads, Selected African Countries, 1993–97......Page 73
The Informal Sector......Page 77
Labor Market Information......Page 83
Notes......Page 87
Introduction......Page 89
3.2a Relevance......Page 91
Making Reforms Work......Page 98
Priorities and Policy Issues......Page 110
Introduction......Page 117
4.2 Tanzania: Vocational Training Places by Ownership......Page 119
Financing and Costs......Page 122
Effectiveness......Page 125
4.1 Forms of Regulation......Page 130
Issues......Page 132
Notes......Page 134
Introduction......Page 135
Background......Page 136
Pattern and Determinants of Enterprise-Based Training......Page 137
5.8 Informal and External Training by Exporting and Nonexporting Firms......Page 144
5.9 Workers Receiving Training by Type and Job Category: Kenya and Zimbabwe, 1995......Page 146
Types of Training......Page 147
Collective Support Services......Page 150
Notes......Page 151
Introduction......Page 153
Traditional Apprenticeship Training......Page 155
Initiatives to Support Training Markets......Page 161
Training Strategies for the Informal Sector......Page 168
Toward a Strategy to Improve Traditional Apprenticeship Training......Page 171
Issues......Page 173
Notes......Page 174
Introduction......Page 175
Resource Mobilization......Page 176
7.2 Senegal: Introduction of Extra Courses on a Fee-Paying Basis......Page 185
Allocation Mechanisms......Page 188
Notes......Page 202
The Assessment......Page 203
Government’s Role......Page 209
Role of International Partners......Page 212
A Research Agenda......Page 213
Guide to Appendixes......Page 215
A. Mali and Senegal: Rationale for Private Provision of Technical-Vocational Education......Page 217
B. Mali: Private Technical-Vocational Training— Main Findings......Page 219
C. Senegal: Private TVE—Main Findings......Page 221
D. Benin: BAA—Improving Traditional Apprenticeship Training......Page 223
E. Cameroon: APME—Micro Enterprise Support and Promotion Program......Page 226
F. Cameroon: GIPA—One Association’s Approach to Improving Traditional Apprenticeship Training......Page 230
G. Kenya: Jua Kali Project: Micro and Small Enterprise Training and Technology......Page 232
H. Kenya: SITE Project: Improving Traditional Apprenticeship Training......Page 234
I. Senegal: FEDNAPH—A Trade Association Providing Skills Training......Page 236
J. Tanzania: VETA/GTZ Project: Pilot Programs for Informal Sector Training......Page 239
K. Uganda: UNIDO/DANIDA/JICA Project: Master Craftspersons Training......Page 241
L. Zimbabwe: ISTARN—Traditional Apprenticeship Program......Page 243
M. Training Funds in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries......Page 246
Principal Sources......Page 250
References and Selected Bibliography......Page 252
1.1 Distribution of Country and Case Studies......Page 61
2.1 African Firms That Ranked the AIDS Epidemic as Having a Moderate or Major Impact on the Costs of Running Their Businesses......Page 68
2.3 Benin: Time Use, by Women and Men......Page 71
2.5 Gross Enrollment Rates in Africa, 1960–97......Page 72
2.2. Labor Force Structure, by Major Economic Sector, Selected African Countries, 1997......Page 75
3.1 Secondary Enrollments in Technical-Vocational Subjects......Page 92
4.1 Obstacles to Nongovernment Technical-Vocational Training and Solutions......Page 123
4.4 Costs per Trainee, Nonpublic and Public TVE Institutions in CFA Francs......Page 124
4.3 Regulatory Frameworks for Nongovernment Technical-Vocational Training, Mali and Senegal......Page 131
5.1 Determinants of Enterprise Efficiency (percentage increase in value added)......Page 145
6.1 Training Needs in the Informal Sector......Page 156
6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional Apprenticeship as a Means of Skills Development......Page 159
7.1 Revenue-Generating Payroll Taxes in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 177
7.2 Tanzania: Sources of Incomes and Training Costs, Selected Church-Owned Training Centers......Page 181
7.3 Mechanisms for Funding Diversification: Advantages and Risks......Page 187
7.4 Income Sources of National Training Funds, Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries......Page 189
7.5 Key Conditions for Training Fund Success......Page 192
7.6 National Levy-Grant Schemes in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries......Page 199
7.8 Strengths and Weaknesses of Enterprise Training Schemes......Page 201
8.1 Strengths and Weaknesses by Type of Training Provider......Page 208
1.1 World Bank Lending for TVET, Total and Africa Region......Page 48
1.3 World Bank Education and Training Projects with Training Investments......Page 49
1.4 Studies Included in the Review......Page 60
2.1. Sub-Saharan Africa: Estimated Proportions of Formal and Informal Sector Employment......Page 74
2.3. Informal Sector Employment as a Share of Nonagricultural Employment, Selected African Countries (1990s)......Page 78
2.4. Structure of the Urban Informal Sector, Selected Francophone Countries, 1980s/1990s......Page 79
2.5. Steps in the Training Process......Page 84
3.1 The Range of Public Training Provision by Ownership......Page 90
3.2b Quality (Effectiveness)......Page 96
3.2c Internal Efficiency......Page 97
4.1 Diversity in Nongovernment Institution-Based Training......Page 118
4.3 Zambia: Training Institutions by Ownership......Page 120
4.5 Mali: Examination Results, Nonpublic and National Totals, by Type of Diploma (1999–2000)......Page 126
4.6 Senegal: Success Rates for State Diplomas, 2000......Page 127
4.7 Zambia: Examination Passes in Nonpublic Institutions by Type of Examination, 1998–2001......Page 128
4.8 Zambia: Training Institutions by Type Ranked by Level of Standards, 2001......Page 129
5.1 Incidence of Formal Training by Industry: Kenya, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, 1995......Page 138
5.2 Incidence of Informal Training by Industry: Kenya, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, 1995......Page 139
5.3 International Comparison of Incidence of Informal and Formal Training: Selected Countries......Page 140
5.4 African Enterprises Providing Informal Training by Firm Size, 1995......Page 141
5.5 African Enterprises Providing Formal Training by Firm Size, 1995......Page 142
5.7 Percentage of African Firms Providing Informal Training by Ownership, 1995......Page 143
2.1 Cameroon: Pathways to Entrepreneurship in the Informal Sector......Page 81
2.2 Constraints on Informal Sector Enterprises......Page 82
2.3 Namibia: Using Labor Market Information for Flexible Training Delivery......Page 86
3.1 Kenya: Evaluation of Public TVET......Page 99
3.2 CONFEMEN Conference on TVET in Bamako, 1998......Page 100
3.3 Employer-Owned and -Managed Training in Brazil......Page 104
3.4 Zambia: Granting Autonomy to Public Training Institutions......Page 105
3.5 Plans for the Ghanaian National Qualifications Framework......Page 109
4.2 Zambia: Playing Field Slanted against Nongovernment Providers......Page 133
6.1 Senegal: Views on the Position of an Apprentice......Page 158
6.2 The Role of Informal Sector Associations......Page 163
6.3 Main Findings from Study on Literacy for Livelihood Skills......Page 166
6.4 Training Follow-Up in Ghana......Page 167
6.5 Role of Government in Informal Sector Training......Page 169
7.1 Zambia: A Tale of Two Community-Based Trade Schools and Their Fee Policies......Page 184
7.3 Togo: Income Mobilization by Renting Institutional Premises......Page 186
7.4 Zambia: Traditional Budgeting......Page 194
7.5 South Africa: Normative Financing Experiment with Technical Colleges......Page 195
7.6 Mauritius: Vouchers for Small Enterprise Training......Page 196
7.7 Malawi: Apprenticeship Allowances......Page 198