Small Animal Surgery

Front Cover
Inside Front Cover
Small Animal Surgery
Copyright Page
Dedication
About the Authors
	Editor-in-Chief
	Editors
Preface
	Expert Consult
	Updates and Authors
	Content
	General Format
	Chapter Format
	Anesthesia Protocols
	Special Features
	Art Program
	Index
	Summary
Acknowledgments
	Author Acknowledgments
	Personal Acknowledgments
Table Of Contents
Video Contents
One General Surgical Principles
	1 Principles of Surgical Asepsis
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Asepsis Versus Sterility
		Transmission of Microorganisms
			Sources of Contamination
				Animal Sources
				Inanimate Sources
				Airborne Sources
		Principles of Hospital Asepsis
		Sterile Technique
		Sterilization and Disinfection
		Reference
	2 Care and Handling of Surgical Equipment and Supplies
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Cleaning
		Disinfection
		Sterilization
			Steam Sterilization
			Types of Steam Sterilizers
				Gravity Displacement Sterilization
				Prevacuum Sterilization
				Immediate-Use Steam Sterilization
			Chemical (Gas) Sterilization
				Ethylene Oxide
			Plasma Sterilization
			Peracetic Acid Sterilization
			Ionizing Radiation
			Cold Chemical Sterilization
		Sterilization Indicators
			Pack Preparation
			Wrapping Instrument Packs
			Folding and Wrapping Gowns
		Folding and Wrapping Drapes
		Handling and Storage of Sterilized Instruments and Equipment
			Sterile Shelf Life
			Handling Sterilized Items
			Wet Packs
			Unwrapping and Opening Sterile Items
				Unwrapping Large Sterile Linen/Paper/Polypropylene Packs That Cannot Be Held During Distribution (Video 2.3)
			Unwrapping Sterile Linen/Paper Packages That Can Be Held During Distribution
				Unwrapping Sterile Items in Paper/Plastic or Plastic Peel-Back Pouches (Video 2.4)
				Opening Sterile Container Systems (Video 2.5)
		Pouring Solutions Into Basins
		References
	3 Surgical Facilities and Maintenance of the Surgical Environment
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Structure and Design of the Surgical Area
			Traffic Patterns
			Description and Function of Rooms in the Surgical Area
				Dressing Room
				Anesthesia and Surgical Preparation Areas
				Anesthesia Supply Room
				Nurses’ Workstation
				Sterile Instrument Room
				Equipment Room
				Housekeeping Supply Room
				Scrub Sink Area
				Gowning and Gloving Area
				Operating Room
				Room “Turnover”
				Postoperative Recovery Area
				Minor Procedures Surgery Room
			Personnel
				Operating Room Supervisor and Surgical Technician
			Repairs and Renovations
				Care and Maintenance of the Surgical Environment
			Daily Cleaning Routines
				Operating Room
				Scrub Sinks
				Anesthesia and Patient Preparation Room
				Recovery Room
			Weekly and Monthly Cleaning Routines
		References
	4 Preoperative and Intraoperative Care of the Surgical Patient
		Abstract
		Keywords
		History Taking
		Physical Examination
		Laboratory Data
		Determination of Surgical Risk
		Client Communication
		Patient Stabilization
		Oxygen Therapy
		Fluid Therapy
			Crystalloid Solutions
			Colloid Solutions
			Blood Products
			Intraoperative Fluid Therapy
		Surgical Safety Checklists
		References
	5 Preparation of the Operative Site
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Dietary Restrictions
		Excretions
		Treatment of Hair
		Positioning
		Sterile Skin Preparation
			One-Step Alcohol-Based Solutions
		Draping
		Other Considerations to Reduce the Incidence of Surgical Site Infection
		References
	6 Preparation of the Surgical Team
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Surgical Attire
			Scrub Suits, Jackets, and Laboratory Coats
			Hair Coverings
			Footwear and Shoe Covers
			Masks
			Surgical Gowns
			Surgical Gloves
		Surgical Scrub
			Scrub Technique
			Scrub Solutions
			Scrub Duration
		Gowning (Video 6.2)
		Gloving
			Closed Gloving
			Open Gloving
			Assisted Gloving
			Removing Gloves Aseptically
		Maintaining Sterility During Surgery
		References
	7 Surgical Instrumentation
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Instrument Categories
			Scalpels
			Scissors
			Needle Holders
			Tissue Forceps
			Hemostat Forceps
			Tissue Forceps
			Retractors
			Miscellaneous Instruments
		Instrument Care and Maintenance
			Cleaning
			Lubricating and Autoclaving
			Cold Sterilization
		Draping and Organizing the Instrument Table
		Reference
	8 Biomaterials, Suturing, and Hemostasis
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Sutures and Suture Selection
			Suture Characteristics
				Suture Size
				Flexibility
				Surface Characteristics and Coating
				Capillarity
				Knot Tensile Strength
				Relative Knot Security
			Specific Suturing Materials
				Absorbable Suture Materials
				Nonabsorbable Suture Materials
			Surgical Needles
			Suture Selection for Different Tissue Types
				Skin
				Abdominal Closure
				Muscle and Tendon
				Parenchymal Organs
				Hollow Viscus Organs
				Infected or Contaminated Wounds
				Vessels and Vascular Anastomoses
		Other Biomaterials
			Tissue Adhesives
			Ligating Clips
			Skin Staples
			Synthetic Surgical Mesh
			Biologic Tissue Grafts
		Common Suture Techniques
			Suture Patterns
				Subcutaneous and Subcuticular Patterns (Video 8.1)
			Interrupted Suture Patterns
				Simple Interrupted Pattern
				Cruciate Pattern
				Horizontal Mattress Pattern
				Vertical Mattress Pattern
				Halstead Pattern
				Gambee Pattern
			Continuous Suture Patterns
				Simple Continuous Pattern
				Ford Interlocking Pattern
				Lembert Pattern
				Connell and Cushing Patterns
			Tendon Sutures
				Three-Loop Pulley Suture
				Bunnell Suture
				Far-Near-Near-Far Suture
			Knot Tying
				Instrument Ties
				Hand Ties
				Burying the Knot (Video 8.2)
			Suture Removal
		Hemostatic Techniques and Materials
			Topical Hemostatic Agents
			Energy-Based Hemostasis–Electrosurgery
				Monopolar Electrosurgery
				Bipolar Electrosurgery
				Carbon Dioxide Laser
				Vessel Sealing
		References
	9 Surgical Infections and Antibiotic Selection
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action
			Destruction of Bacterial Cell Walls
			Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
			Inhibition of DNA Synthesis
		Drugs of Last Resort
		Causes of Antibiotic Failure and Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
		Surgical Infections
			Definitions of Infection
			Sources of Surgical Site Infections
			Reported Rates of Small Animal Surgical Site Infections
			Factors Affecting Surgical Site Infections
				Classification of Wounds
				Patient-Related Factors
				Procedure-Related Factors
		Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use of Antibiotics
			Prophylactic Use of Perioperative Antibiotics
			Indications for Prophylactic Antibiotics
				Clean Wounds
				Clean-Contaminated and Contaminated Wounds
				Dirty Wounds
			Selection and Timing of Prophylactic Antibiotics
			Route of Administration
			Use of Prophylactic Antibiotics Postoperatively
			Therapeutic Antibiotics for Existing Infections
		References
	10 Nutritional Management of the Surgical Patient
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Diets for Enteral Use
		Diets for Parenteral Nutrition
		Enhancing Appetite
		Methods of Providing Hyperalimentation
			Parenteral Nutrition
			Enteral Hyperalimentation
				Nasoesophageal and Nasogastric Intubation
				Nasojejunal Tubes
				Esophagostomy Tubes
				Gastrostomy Tubes
				Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement
				Blind Percutaneous Gastrostomy Tube Placement
				Flank Incision Gastrostomy Tube Placement
				Gastrostomy Tube Placement by Midline Laparotomy
				Low-Profile Gastrostomy Tube Devices
				Enterostomy Tubes
				Enterostomy Tube Placement by Flexible Endoscopy
				Surgical Placement of Enterostomy Tube
				Gastrojejunostomy Tubes
		Calculation of Rate and Volume of Feeding
		Parenteral Feeding Complications
		Enteral Feeding Complications
			Mechanical Complications
			Gastrointestinal Complications
			Metabolic Complications
		References
	11 Fundamentals of Physical Rehabilitation
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Definitions
		Overview of Rehabilitation Therapy
		Role of Exercise Physiology in Rehabilitation
		Rehabilitation Evaluation
		Developing a Rehabilitation Plan
		Therapeutic Modalities: General Considerations
			Cryotherapy
			Thermal Therapy
			Therapeutic Ultrasound
			Laser Therapy
			Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
			Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy
			Manual Therapies for Pain Relief
				Massage or Soft Tissue Mobilization
				Passive Range of Motion and Stretching
			Special Considerations for Neurologic Patients
				Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
		Therapeutic Exercises
			Equipment Required for Therapeutic Exercise
			Balance and Proprioceptive Exercises
				Assisted Standing Exercises
				Rhythmic Stabilization/Weight Shifting
				Weight Shifting, Unsteady Surface
				Balance Boards, Balance Discs, or BOSU Ball
				Cavaletti Course
				Weave Cones
				Figure Eights
				Planking on Blocks and Balls
				Ball Work
				Core Strengthening
				Crawling
				Sit Up and Beg
				Diagonal Leg Lifts
			Hind Limb Exercises
				Sit to Stand
				Backwards Walking
				Side Stepping
				Incline Walking
				Standing With Elevated Front Legs
				Ladder Walking
			Front Limb Exercises
				High-Five Salute
				Wheelbarrow
				Stairs
				Play Bow
				Digging
		Neurologic Rehabilitation Exercises
			Assisted Standing
			Physio Ball
			Weight Shifting
			Treadmill Gait Training
			Tapping
			Tensor Bandaging or Medical Shirts
			Tactile Stimulation
			Mental Stimulation of Neurologic Patients
		Aquatic Therapy
			Aquatic Therapy Equipment
		Special Considerations for Common Conditions
		References
	12 Principles of Anesthesia and Anesthetics
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Considerations
		Anesthetic Agents
			Antimuscarinics
			Tranquilizers
				Phenothiazines
				Benzodiazepines and Benzodiazepine Antagonists
				Recommendations for Handling Aggressive or Dangerous Dogs
			Alpha-2 Agonists and Antagonists
			Opioids
			Barbiturates
			Nonbarbiturate Hypnotics
			Neuroactive Steroids
			Dissociatives
			Inhalants
			Anesthesia Equipment and Devices
				Endotracheal Tubes, Endobronchial Blockers, and Supraglottic Devices
				Anesthesia Machines
			Monitoring
				Cardiovascular System
				Respiratory System
				Body Temperature
			Fluid Therapy
		References
	13 Pain Management and Acupuncture
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Definitions
		Neuroanatomy of Nociception
		Neurophysiology and Modulation of Nociception
		Drugs Used for Analgesia
		Regional Techniques
		Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture
		References
	14 Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Imaging of the Surgical Patient
		Abstract
		keywords
		Definitions and Terminology
		Endoscopy: General Principles, Equipment, and Techniques
			Indications
				Flexible Endoscopy
				Rigid Endoscopy
				Foreign Bodies
			Equipment
				Flexible Endoscopes
				Rigid Endoscopes
			Equipment Care
			Antibiotics
			Procedures
				Biopsies
				Cytologic Preparations
				Washes
				Foreign Body Removal
				Postendoscopy Care
				Specialized Interventional Procedures
		Arthroscopy: General Principles, Equipment, and Techniques
			Indications
			Equipment
			Equipment Care
			Antibiotics
			General Procedures
			Specific Procedures
			Postarthroscopy Care
			Advanced Imaging
				Physics: Overview
				Clinical Applications
Two Soft Tissue Surgery
	15 Surgery of the Integumentary System
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Wound Management
				Surgical Anatomy
				Wound Healing
				Management of Open or Superficial Wounds
				Antibiotics
				Topical Wound Medications
				Wound Cleansing Solutions
				Other Wound Treatment Methods
				Assessment of Skin Viability
				Integumentary Surgery
				Wound Closure
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Bandages
				Wound Bandaging Materials
				Types of Bandages
				Bandaging Techniques
		Principles of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
			Skin Tension and Elasticity
				Tension Lines and Tension Relief
				Suture Patterns
				Prevention of "Dog Ears"
				Relaxing Incisions
				Skin Biopsy
				Removal of Skin Tumors
				Closure of Irregular Skin Defects
			Pedicle Flaps
				Advancement Flaps
				Rotational Flaps
				Transposition Flaps
				Interpolation Flaps
				Pouch and Hinge Flaps
				Tubed Pedicle Flaps
				Axial Pattern Flaps
				Composite Flaps
				Omental Flaps
			Microvascular Flap Transfer
				Skin Grafts
		Surgical Management of Specific Skin Disorders
			Burns and Other Thermal Injuries
				Treatment
				Burn Wound Management
			Electrical Injuries
				Treatment
			Frostbite
				Treatment
			Chemical Injuries
				Treatment
			Skin Reactions to Radiation Therapy
				Treatment
			Animal Bite Wounds and Abcesses
			Snakebite
				Treatment
			Pressure Sores
				Treatment
			Elbow Hygroma
				Treatment
			Lick Granulomas
				Treatment
			Dermoid Sinus (Pilondial Sinus)
				Treatment
			Interdigital Pyoderma
				Treatment
			Redundant Skin Folds
				Lip Folds
				Nasal Folds
				Vulvar Folds
				Tail Folds
			Surgery of the Tail
				Caudectomy
			Surgery of the Digits and Footpads
				Biopsy
				Onychectomy
				Deep Digital Flexor Tenectomy
				Dewclaw Removal
				Digit Amputation
				Footpad Injuries
		References
	16 Surgery of the Eye
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Surgery of the Eyelid
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Concerns
				Preparation of the Surgical Site
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Techniques
				Healing of the Eyelid
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Eyelid Laceration
				Neoplastic Eyelid Mass
				Entropion and Ectropion
		Surgery of the Conjunctiva and Third Eyelid
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Concerns
				Preparation of the Surgical Site
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Techniques
				Healing of the Conjunctiva, Third Eyelid, and Gland
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Third Eyelid Gland Prolapse (Cherry Eye)
				Deep or Infected Corneal Ulcers
		Surgeries of the Face and Orbit
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Concerns
				Preparation of the Surgical Site
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Techniques
				Healing of the Face And Orbit
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Traumatic Proptosis
				End-Stage Glaucoma
		References
	17 Surgery of the Ear
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Preoperative Concerns
			Anesthetic Considerations
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Techniques
				Lateral Ear Canal Resection
				Vertical Ear Canal Ablation
				Total Ear Canal Ablation
				Lateral Bulla Osteotomy
				Ventral Bulla Osteotomy
			Healing and the Ear
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Otitis Externa
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
				Complications
			Otitis Media and Interna
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		Aural Hematomas
			Definition
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Surgical Treatment
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Surgical Anatomy
				Positioning
			Surgical Techniques
				Aural Hematomas
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Prognosis
			Traumatic Lesions of the Pinna and Ear Cartilage
				Avulsions of the Ear Margin
			Neoplasia of the Pinna and External Ear Canal
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Inflammatory Polyps
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Techniques
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		References
	18 Surgery of the Digestive System
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Surgery of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Concerns
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Techniques
				Healing of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Congenital Oronasal Fistula (Cleft Palate)
				Acquired Oronasal Fistulae
				Oral Tumors
				Salivary Mucoceles
				Oropharyngeal Penetrating Trauma
		Surgery of the Esophagus
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Concerns
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Techniques
				Healing of the Esophagus
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Esophageal Foreign Bodies
				Esophageal Strictures
				Esophageal Diverticula
				Esophageal Neoplasia
				Hiatal Hernia
				Gastroesophageal Intussusception
				Cricopharyngeal Achalasia
				Vascular Ring Anomalies
		Surgery of the Stomach
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Concerns
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Techniques
				Healing of the Stomach
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
				Prognosis
			Specific Diseases
				Gastric Foreign Bodies
				Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus
				Benign Gastric Outflow Obstruction
				Gastric Ulceration and Erosion
				Gastric Neoplasia and Infiltrative Disease
		Surgery of the Small Intestine
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Concerns
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Techniques
				Healing of the Small Intestine
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Intestinal Foreign Bodies
				Intestinal Neoplasia
				Intussusception
				Pythiosis
				Intestinal Volvulus and Torsion
		Surgery of the Large Intestine
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Concerns
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Techniques
				Healing of the Large Intestine
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Neoplasia
				Colitis
				Megacolon
		Surgery of the Perineum, Rectum, and Anus
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Concerns
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Techniques
				Healing of the Rectum
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Anal Neoplasia
				Anal Sac Infection and Impaction
				Perineal Hernia
				Perianal Fistulae
				Rectal Prolapse
				Fecal Incontinence
		References
	19 Surgery of the Abdominal Cavity
		General Principles and Techniques
			Defintions
			Preoperative Concerns
			Anesthetic Considerations
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Techniques
				Ventral Midline Celiotomy in Cats and Female Dogs
				Ventral Midline Celiotomy in Male Dogs
				Paracostal Celiotomy
			Abdominal Exploration
				Abdominal Wall Closure
			Healing of the Abdominal Wall
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Umbilical and Abdominal Hernias
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Techniques
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Inguinal, Scrotal, and Femoral Hernias
				Defintions
				General Considerations and Clincially Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Peritonitis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clincially Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Techniques
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Hemoperitoneum
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Techniques
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		References
	20 Surgery of the Liver
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Preoperative Concerns
			Anesthetic Considerations
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Techniques
				Percutaneous Liver Biopsy
				Laparoscopic Liver Biopsy
				Surgical Liver Biopsy
				Partial Lobectomy
				Complete Lobectomy
			Healing of the Liver
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Portosystemic Vascular Anomalies
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Techniques
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Cavitary Hepatic Lesions
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Hepatobiliary Neoplasia
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Interventional Oncologic Treatment
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Hepatic Lobe Torsion
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
		References
	21 Surgery of the Extrahepatic Biliary System
		Abstract
		keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Preoperative Concerns
			Anesthetic Considerations
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
				Diagnostic Imaging
			Surgical Techniques
				Choledochal Tube Stenting
				Cholecystotomy
				Laparoscopic-Assisted Cholecystostomy
				Cholecystectomy
				Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
				Choledochotomy
				Bile Flow Diversion
				Repair of Common Bile Duct Injuries
			Healing of the Biliary Tract
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Prognosis
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Cholelithiasis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Gallbladder Mucoceles
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Bile Peritonitis
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Cholecystitis
				Definition
				General Considerations and Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
		References
	22 Surgery of the Endocrine System
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Surgery of the Adrenal and Pituitary Glands
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Technique
				Healing of the Adrenal and Pituitary Glands
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Adrenal Neoplasia
				Pituitary Neoplasia
		Surgery of the Pancreas
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Technique
				Healing of the Pancreas
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Pancreatic Abscesses and Pseudocysts
				Insulinomas
				Gastrinomas
				Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasia
		Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Technique
				Healing of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Specific Diseases
				Feline Hyperthyroidism
				Hyperparathyroidism
				Thyroid Carcinomas in Dogs
		References
	23 Surgery of the Hemolymphatic System
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Surgery of the Lymphatic System
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Surgical Technique
				Healing of the Lymphatic System
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Lymphedema
		Surgery of the Spleen
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Surgical Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
			Specific Diseases
				Splenic Torsion
				Splenic Neoplasia
		References
	24 Surgery of the Kidney and Ureter
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Preoperative Management
			Anesthetic Considerations
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Technique
				Renal Biopsy
				Nephrectomy
				Partial Nephrectomy
				Nephrotomy
				Pyelolithotomy
				Ureterotomy
				Ureteral Reimplantation
				Ureteral Anastomosis
				Nephrostomy Tube Placement
				Subcutaneous Ureteral Bypass System
				Neoureterostomy
				Ureteroneocystostomy
			Healing of the Kidney and Ureter
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Ectopic Ureter
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Renal and Ureteral Calculi
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
				Prognosis
				Ureteral Stenting
				Subcutaneous Ureteral Bypass Device
			Renal and Ureteral Neoplasia
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
				Prognosis
			Renal and Perirenal Abscesses
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Special Age Considerations
				Prognosis
		References
	25 Surgery of the Bladder and Urethra
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Preoperative Management
			Anesthesia
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Technique
				Cystotomy
				Urethrotomy
				Urethrostomy
				Permanent Urinary Diversion
			Healing of the Bladder and Urethra
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Uroabdomen
				Defintions
				General Considerations and Clincially Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Bladder and Urethral Calculi
				Defintions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technicque
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Urethral Prolapse
				Defintions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Bladder and Urethral Neoplasia
				Defintions
				General Conditions and Clincially Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Urinary Incontinence
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Bladder Flap Reconstruction of a Hypoplastic Urethra
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Feline Idiopathic Cystitis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
		References
	26 Surgery of the Reproductive and Genital Systems
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Preoperative Management
				History
				Females
				Males
			Anesthesia
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
				Female Reproductive Tract
				Male Reproductive Tract
			Surgical Technique
				Ovariohysterectomy/Ovariectomy
				Laparoscopic-Assisted Ovariohysterectomy or Ovariectomy
			Orchiectomy
				Canine Castration
				Feline Castration
				Cryptorchid Castration
				Vasectomy
				Cesarean Section
				Mastectomy
				Episiotomy
				Episioplasty
				Testicular Biopsy
				Prostatic Biopsy
				Prostatectomy
			Healing of the Reproductive and Genital Systems
			Suture Materials/Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Surgery of the Female Reproductive Tract
			Specific Diseases
				Mammary Neoplasia
				Uterine Neoplasia
				Pyometra
				Vaginal Prolapse/Hyperplasia/Tumor
				Uterine Prolapse
		Surgery of the Male Reproductive Tract
			Specific Diseases
				Prostatic Hyperplasia
				Prostatic Abscesses
				Prostatic Cysts
				Prostatic Neoplasia
				Testicular and Scrotal Neoplasia
				Hypospadias
				Phimosis
				Paraphimosis
				Penile and Preputial Trauma and Neoplasia
		References
	27 Surgery of the Cardiovascular System
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Preoperative Management
			Anesthesia
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Technique
				Inflow Occlusion
				Cardiopulmonary Bypass
			Healing of Cardiovascular Structures
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Mitral Regurgitation
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Patent Ductus Arteriosus
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Pulmonic Stenosis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Interventional Treatment
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Aortic Stenosis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Ventricular Septal Defect
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Atrial Septal Defect
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Tetralogy of Fallot
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Pericardial Effusion and Pericardial Constriction
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Cardiac Neoplasia
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Bradycardia
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		References
	28 Surgery of the Upper Respiratory System
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Preoperative Management
			Anesthesia
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Technique
				Rhinotomy
				Tracheotomy
				Tracheostomy
				Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis
				Ventriculocordectomy
			Healing of the Respiratory Tract
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Brachycephalic Syndrome
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Laryngeal Collapse
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Laryngeal Paralysis
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Epiglottic Retroversion
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Laryngeal and Tracheal Tumors
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Tracheal Collapse
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Nasal Tumors
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Nasal Aspergillosis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		References
	29 Surgery of the Lower Respiratory System
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Preoperative Management
			Anesthesia
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Technique
				Thoracotomy
				Lung Biopsy
				Partial Lobectomy
				Complete Lobectomy
			Healing of the Lungs and Sternum
			Surgical Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Thoracic Wall Trauma
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Pulmonary Neoplasia
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
		Pulmonary Abcesses
			Definition
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Surgical Treatment
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Surgical Anatomy
				Positioning
			Surgical Technique
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Prognosis
		Lung Lobe Torsion
			Definition
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Surgical Treatment
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Positioning
			Surgical Technique
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Prognosis
		Pectus Excavatum
			Definitions
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Surgical Treatment
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Surgical Anatomy
				Positioning
			Surgical Technique
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Prognosis
		Thoracic Wall Neoplasia
			Definitions
			General Considerations and Clincially Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Surgical Treatment
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Positioning
			Surgical Technique
				En Bloc Resection of Thoracic Wall Neoplasia
				Partial Sternectomy
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Prognosis
		References
	30 Surgery of the Lower Respiratory System
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Preoperative Concerns
			Anesthetic Considerations
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Techniques
				Needle Thoracentesis
				Thoracostomy Tube Placement
				Thoracostomy Tube Removal
				Continuous Thoracic Suction
			Healing of the Pleura
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Pneumothorax
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Pleural Effusion
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Chylothorax
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Techniques
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Pyothorax
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Thymomas, Thymic Branchial Cysts, and Mediastinal Cysts
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		References
Three Orthopedics
	31 Principles of Orthopedic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			Problem Identification
			Differential Diagnosis
			Patient Signalment and History
				Physical Examination
				Orthopedic Examination
				Additional Diagnostic Techniques
			Perioperative Management
			Pain Management and Anesthesia
			Antibiotics
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
		Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapy
			General Principles and Techniques
				Definitions
				Stem Cells
				Platelet-Rich Plasma
				Proposed Mechanisms of Action of Stem Cells, PRP, and Conditioned Media
		References
	32 Principles of Fracture Diagnoses and Management
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Definitions
		Perioperative Management
			Patient Triage, Wound Management, and Preoperative Analgesia
			Pain Management and Anesthesia
			Antibiotics
		Temporary Fracture Stabilization
			Robert Jones Bandages
			Spoon Splints
			Soft Padded Bandages
		Operative Planning
			Patient Assessment
			Fracture Assessment
				Physeal Fractures
			Fracture Assessment Scoring
			Selection of the Fracture Repair Method
				Mechanical Factors
				Biological Factors
				Clinical Factors
			Interpretation of the Fracture Assessment Score
				Low Scores (1 to 3)
				Moderate Scores (4 to 7)
				High Scores (8 to 10)
		Fracture Reduction
			Closed Reduction
			Open Reduction
			Direct Reduction
			Indirect Reduction
		Bone Grafting
			Cancellous Bone Autografts
				Proximal Humerus
				Proximal Tibia
				Distal Femur
				Ilial Wing
			Cortical Bone Autografts
			Cancellous Bone Allografts
			Cortical Bone Allografts
			Demineralized Bone Matrix
			Collagen
			Bone Morphogenic Protein
			Bone Marrow
			Mesenchymal Stem Cells
			Platelet-Rich Plasma
			Ceramics
			Bioglass
			Polymer
		Fracture Fixation Systems
			External Coaptation
				Casts
			External Fixators
				Linear External Fixator
				Circular External Fixators
				Hybrid Circular External Fixators
			Intramedullary Fixation
				Intramedullary Pins and Kirschner Wires
				Interlocking Nails
				Orthopedic Wire
				Tension Bands
			Plate and Screw Fixation
				Bone Plates and Screws
				Postoperative Radiographic Assessment for Fracture Repairs
			Fracture Healing
				Normal Fracture Healing
				Vascular Supply
				Fracture Healing and Fracture Management
				Complications in Fracture Healing
				Osteotomies
	33 Management of Specific Fractures
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures
			Definitions
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Interdental Stabilization Techniques
				Application of Interdental Fixation
				Application of Maxillomandibular Fixation
			Surgical Treatment
				Application of Interdental Wires
				Application of Interfragmentary Wires
				Application of Bone Plates and Screws
				Application of External Skeletal Fixators
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Surgical Anatomy
				Positioning
			Surgical Technique
				Open Reduction of Mandibular Fractures
				Open Reduction of Fractures of the Vertical Ramus and Temporomandibular Joint
				Open Reduction of Maxillary Fractures
				Stabilization of Mandibular Symphyseal Fractures
				Stabilization of Mandibular Transverse Fractures
				Stabilization of Oblique Fracture Lines
				Stabilization of Comminuted Fractures
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Prognosis
		Scapular Fractures
			Definition
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Surgical Treatment
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Surgical Anatomy
				Positioning
			Surgical Technique
				Approach to the Scapular Spine and Body
				Approach to the Scapular Neck and Glenoid Cavity
				Application of Orthopedic Wire
				Application of K-wires
				Application of Bone Plates and Screws
		Stabilization of Specific Fractures
			Scapular Body and Spine Fractures
			Avulsion Fractures of the Supraglenoid Tuberosity and Fractures of the Scapular Neck and Articular Surface
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
		Humeral Fractures
			Humeral Diaphyseal and Supracondylar Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Humeral Articular, Physeal, and Metaphyseal Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Radial and Ulnar Diaphyseal Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assesment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Radial and Ulnar Metaphyseal and Articular Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Radial and Ulnar Physeal Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Radial and Ulnar Growth Deformities
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Carpal and Tarsal Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Metacarpal, Metatarsal, Phalangeal, and Sesamold Fractures and Luxations
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clincially Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
		Pelvic Fractures
			Sacroiliac Luxations and Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophsyiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Iliac, Ischial, and Pubic Fractures
				Definitions
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Acetabular Fracture
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
		Femoral Fractures
			Femoral Diaphyseal and Supracondylar Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Managment
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Femoral Metaphysical and Articular Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Femoral Physeal Fracture
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Patellar Fractures
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
		Tibial and Fibular Fractures
			Tibial and Fibular Diaphyseal Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Tibial and Fibular Metaphyseal and Articular Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Tibial and Fibular Physeal Fractures
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		References
	34 Diseases of the Joints
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			General Considerations
			Diagnosis of Joint Diseases
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
				Principle 1: Weight Management
				Principle 2: Nutritional Supplementation
				Principle 3: Exercise Moderation
				Principle 4: Physical Rehabilitation Therapy
				Principle 5: Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Therapy and Other Medical Therapies
			Surgical Treatment
			Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Technique
				Arthrotomy
				Endoscopically Assisted Joint Surgery
				Closed Versus Open Joint Reduction
			Healing of Cartilage Defects and Response of Cartilage to Treatment
				Joint Stabilization
				Joint Immobilization
				Continuous Passive Motion
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Nutritional Management
				Physical Rehabilitation
		Selected Nonsurgical Diseases of Joints
			Degenerative Joint Disease
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Septic (Bacterial) Arthritis
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Rickettsial and Anaplasmal Polyarthritis
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Lyme Arthropathy
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Nonerosive Idiopathic Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Rheumatoid Arthritis
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Feline Chronic Progressive Polyarthritis
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
		Management of Specific Joint Diseases
			Shoulder Joint
				Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Proximal Humerus
				Scapulohumeral Joint Luxation
				Shoulder Instability
				Biceps Tendon Disease
				Scapular Luxation
			Elbow Joint
				Canine Elbow Dysplasia
				Medial Coronoid Disease and Fragmented Coronoid Process
				Radial-Ulnar Incongruence (Elbow Joint Incongruity)
				Medial Compartment Disease
				Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Distal Humerus
				Ununited Anconeal Process
				Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle
				Traumatic Elbow Luxation
				Elbow Subluxation Caused by Premature Closure of the Distal Ulnar or Radial Physes
				Congenital Elbow Luxation
			Carpal Joint
				Carpal Luxation or Subluxation
				Carpal Subluxation Resulting From Collateral Ligament Injury
				Carpal Laxity Syndrome
			Coxofemoral Joint
				Hip Dysplasia
				Coxofemoral Luxation
				Legg-Perthes Disease
			Stifle
				Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture (Cruciate Disease)
				Meniscal Injury
				Caudal Cruciate Ligament Injury
				Collateral Ligament Injury
				Multiple Ligament Injuries (Deranged Stifle)
				Medial Patellar Luxation
				Lateral Patellar Luxation
				Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Stifle
			Tarsus
				Ligament Injury of the Tarsus
				Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Tarsus
		References
	35 Management of Muscle and Tendon Injury or Disease
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Technique
			Muscle-Tendon Unit Contusion and Strains
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Muscle-Tendon Unit Laceration
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Healing of Tendons and Muscles
				Postoperative Care
				Prognosis
		Management of Specific Muscle and Tendon Conditions
			Achilles Tendon Rupture
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care
				Prognosis
			Supraspinatus Tendinopathy
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Surgical Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care
				Prognosis
			Infraspinatus Fibrotic Contracture
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care
				Prognosis
			Quadriceps Contracture
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Gracilis and Semitendinosus Fibrotic Myopathy
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care
				Prognosis
			Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Displacement
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care
				Prognosis
		References
	36 Other Diseases of Bones and Joints
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Panosteitis
			Definition
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Surgical Treatment
			Prognosis
		Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
			Definition
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Prognosis
		Hypertrophic Osteopathy
			Definition
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Prognosis
		Craniomandibular Osteopathy
			Definition
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Surgical Treatment
			Prognosis
		Bone Neoplasia
			Definitions
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Surgical Treatment
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Surgical Anatomy
				Positioning
			Surgical Technique
				Bone Biopsy
				Amputation
				Acetabulectomy
				Limb-Sparing Techniques
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Prognosis
		Joint Neoplasia
			Definitions
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Surgical Treatment
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Prognosis
		Osteomyelitis
			Definitions
			General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination Findings
				Diagnostic Imaging
				Laboratory Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Medical Management
			Surgical Treatment
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthesia
				Surgical Anatomy
				Positioning
			Surgical Technique
				Acute Osteomyelitis
				Chronic Osteomyelitis
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Prognosis
		References
Four Neurosurgery
	37 Neurodiagnostic Overview for the Small Animal Surgeon
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Radiography and Contrast Radiography
			Indications
			Complications and Contraindications
			Anatomy and Evaluation of Studies
				Extradural Pattern
				Intradural/Extramedullary
				Intramedullary
		Electrodiagnostics
			Electromyography
			Electroencephalography
			Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response
			Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity
			Sensory Nerve Conduction Velocity
			Repetitive Nerve Stimulation
		Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
			Cisternal Puncture
			Lumbar Puncture
		References
	38 The Neurologic Examination and Relevant Neuroanatomy
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Mental Status
		Cranial Nerves
		Attitude Posture
		Gait
		Postural Reactions
		Spinal Reflexes
		Pain Sensation (Nociception)
	39 Surgery of the Brain
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			General Considerations
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthetic Considerations
			Standard Surgical Approaches to the Brain
				Rostrotentorial (Lateral) Craniotomy
				Transfrontal Craniotomy
				Suboccipital Craniotomy (Foramen Magnum Decompression)
			Healing of the Brain
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Congenital Hydrocephalus
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment (Videos 39.1 and 39.2)
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Intracranial Arachnoid Cyst
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment (Video 39.3)
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Chiari-Like Malformation
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment (Videos 39.4 and 39.5)
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Brain Tumors
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
				Complications
			Traumatic Brain Injury
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment (Video 39.6)
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		References
	40 Surgery of the Cervical Spine
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			General Considerations
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthetic Considerations
			Antibiotics
			Surgical Anatomy
			Standard Surgical Approaches to the Cervical Spine
				Ventral Approach to the Cervical Spine
				Dorsal Approach to the Cervical Spine
			Healing of the Spinal Cord
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Cervical Disc Disease
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler Syndrome)
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Craniocervical Junction Anomalies
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Spinal Arachnoid Diverticulum
				Definition
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Spinal Neoplasia
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Spinal Trauma
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		References
	41 Surgery of the Thoracolumbar Spine
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			General Considerations
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
		Standard Surgical Approaches to the Thoracolumbar Spine
			Dorsal Approach to the Cranial and Midthoracic Spine
			Dorsal Approach to the Thoracolumbar Spine
			Lateral and Dorsolateral Approaches to the Thoracolumbar Spine
			Healing of the Spinal Cord
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Thoracolumbar Disc Disease
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Hemivertebra (Kyphotic/Kyphoscoliotic Vertebral Malformations)
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Spinal Neoplasia
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Spinal Trauma
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Complications
				Prognosis
		References
	42 Surgery of the Cauda Equina
		Abstract
		Keywords
		General Principles and Techniques
			Definitions
			General Considerations
				Preoperative Management
				Anesthetic Considerations
				Antibiotics
				Surgical Anatomy
			Surgical Technique
				Dorsal Laminectomy
				Facetectomy and Foraminotomy
			Healing of the Cauda Equina
			Suture Materials and Special Instruments
			Postoperative Care and Assessment
			Complications
			Special Age Considerations
		Specific Diseases
			Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials and Special Instruments
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Neoplasia
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
			Trauma
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Techniques
				Suture Materials/Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		References
	43 Nonsurgical Disorders of the Brain and Spine
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Specific Diseases
			Canine Cognitive Dysfunction/Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Degenerative Myelopathy
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Ischemic/Vascular Disease
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Noninfectious Inflammatory Disease
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Discospondylitis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Surgical Technique
				Suture Materials/Special Instruments
				Postoperative Care and Assessment
				Prognosis
		References
	44 Peripheral Nervous System Disorders and Diagnostic Techniques
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Muscle and Nerve Biopsy
		Specific Diseases
			Acquired Myasthenia Gravis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Autoimmune Polymyositis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Acute Idiopathic Polyradiculoneuritis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
			Tick Paralysis
				Definitions
				General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology
				Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Medical Management
				Surgical Treatment
				Prognosis
		References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
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