Slopes and Excavations: Design and Calculation

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
	And the moral of the story: you can’t work against nature!
2 Slopes
	2.1 Formation of slopes
	2.2 Loose material
		2.2.1 Rolling soils
		2.2.2 Soils with cohesive components
		2.2.3 Terrain fracture
	2.3 Rock
		2.3.1 No fissure filling
		2.3.2 Rolling fissure filling
		2.3.3 Cohesive fissure filling
		2.3.4 Spatial sphere presentation
	2.4 Building in permafrost
		2.4.1 Permafrost
		2.4.2 Wurmkogel Oetztal valley (Tyrol)
3 Excavations
	3.1 Boundary conditions
		3.1.1 Subsoil Investigation
		3.1.2 Groundwater and slope water
		3.1.3 Neighbor buildings
		3.1.4 Construction cranes
		3.1.5 Shortand long-term fuses
			3.1.5.1 Short-term fuses temporary
			3.1.5.2 Long-term fuses permanent
	3.2 Coverage and networking
		3.2.1 Free-hanging cover
		3.2.2 Rock cross-links
		3.2.3 Rockfall nets
	3.3 Impact wall
	3.4 Retaining wall
	3.5 Stone walls
		3.5.1 Raw stone wall
		3.5.2 Mortared stone wall
	3.6 Gabions (stone baskets)
	3.7 Cushion wall
	3.8 Geocells
	3.9 Reinforced earth
	3.10 Precast wall in front
	3.11 Timber anchor wall
	3.12 Krainerwall
	3.13 Nailed shotcrete
		3.13.1 Principle of production
		3.13.2 Calculation
		3.13.3 Execution with structural steel mesh reinforced shotcrete
		3.13.4 Design with fiber concrete
			3.13.4.1 Steel fiber concrete
			3.13.4.2 Plastic fiber concrete
	3.14 Comparison of different types of securing
4 Securing spatial terrain slopes
	4.1 Simple theoretical consideration
	4.2 Spatial slope stabilization
		4.2.1 Road protection for parking lot
		4.2.2 Securing the excavation pit for a ski depot
		4.2.3 High slope stabilization for a hotel
	4.3 Implications for practice
5 Excavation Shoring
	5.1 Sheet pile wall
	5.2 Soldier pile wall
	5.3 Pile wall
	5.4 Diaphragm wall
		5.4.1 Production
		5.4.2 Open slit
		5.4.3 Vertical force transfer
		5.4.4 Horizontal forces and moments
			5.4.4.1 Testing of diaphragm wall elements
			5.4.4.2 Application examples
	5.5 Cutting wall
6 Underpinning
	6.1 Conventional concrete discs
	6.2 Nailed shotcrete
	6.3 High-pressure soil grouting
7 Shaft structures
	7.1 Spatial earth pressure
	7.2 Flat side walls
	7.3 Curved side walls
8 Anchors and soil nails
	8.1 Classification
		8.1.1 Small anchors or dowels
		8.1.2 Medium load anchor
		8.1.3 Ground and rock anchors
		8.1.4 Heavy-duty anchors
	8.2 Soil nails
		8.2.1 Solid bar nail
		8.2.2 Hollow bar nail
		8.2.3 GRP Anchors
	8.3 Anchors
		8.3.1 Bar anchor
		8.3.2 Strand anchor
	8.4 Small pile GEWI pile
	8.5 Durability of anchors
	8.6 Monitoring of anchors
		8.6.1 Monitoring the load capacity
			8.6.1.1 Qualification test
			8.6.1.2 Acceptance test
			8.6.1.3 Lift-off test
			8.6.1.4 Load cells
		8.6.2 Monitoring corrosion
			8.6.2.1 General
			8.6.2.2 Electrochemistry
			8.6.2.3 Types of corrosion
			8.6.2.4 Potential measurement with electrodes
			8.6.2.5 Polarization measurement with electrodes
		8.6.3 For double corrosion-protected armatures
		8.6.4 For simply corrosion-protected anchors
	8.7 Extending the service life of anchors
		8.7.1 general information on CCP
		8.7.2 CCP for double corrosion protected anchors
		8.7.3 CCP for simply corrosion-protected anchors
Appendix
List of Figures
Bibliography
Index