Sleep Medicine

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
ISBN 0521699576......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents (with page links)......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Foreword......Page 15
Wakefulness......Page 17
NREM sleep......Page 18
REM sleep......Page 19
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 20
FURTHER READING......Page 21
Polysomnography......Page 25
Sleep microstructure......Page 29
Sleep macrostructure......Page 26
Automatic analysis of sleep......Page 30
Signal preprocessing......Page 31
Age......Page 32
Children aged 3 to 12 years......Page 33
Duration of sleep......Page 34
Sleep loss and differential sleep deprivation......Page 36
Sleep in space......Page 37
FURTHER READING......Page 38
Introduction......Page 41
Subjective and objective assessment of sleep habits......Page 45
Evaluation of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)......Page 46
Evaluation of insomnia......Page 51
Evaluation of difficulties staying asleep......Page 53
Interpretation of polysomnography (PSG)......Page 55
Conclusion......Page 58
FURTHER READING......Page 59
Introduction......Page 63
Sleepwalking and confusional arousals......Page 64
Nightmares......Page 66
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)......Page 67
Sleep paralysis......Page 69
Catathrenia......Page 70
FURTHER READING......Page 71
Properties of circadian rhythms......Page 72
Light and other zeitgebers......Page 77
Tools for the assessment of circadian timing in humans......Page 79
Pathophysiology......Page 80
Light......Page 81
Melatonin......Page 82
Clinical presentation......Page 83
Light......Page 84
Epidemiology......Page 85
Light......Page 86
Pathophysiology......Page 87
Clinical presentation......Page 88
Treatment......Page 89
Treatment......Page 91
Summary......Page 92
FURTHER READING......Page 93
Diagnostic methods......Page 94
Frequent complaints in narcolepsy......Page 95
Diagnosis......Page 97
Therapeutic options......Page 98
Treatment adherence issues......Page 101
Epidemiology and pathophysiology......Page 102
Diagnosis......Page 103
Recurrent hypersomnia......Page 104
Epidemiology and pathophysiology......Page 105
Diagnosis......Page 106
Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome......Page 107
Brain tumors, infections, vascular or other CNS lesions......Page 108
Psychiatric disorders......Page 109
FURTHER READING......Page 110
Pathophysiology of the insomnias......Page 113
The sleep history and physical examination......Page 114
Measurement of sleep......Page 117
International Classification of Sleep Disorders 2 (ICSD-2)......Page 118
Pharmacologic treatment......Page 120
Nonpharmacologic treatment......Page 121
Sleep restriction......Page 122
Sleep hygiene......Page 123
Cognitive therapy......Page 124
Summary......Page 125
FURTHER READING......Page 126
Restless legs syndrome......Page 129
Epidemiology......Page 130
Pathophysiology......Page 131
Forms of RLS......Page 132
Secondary RLS......Page 133
Polysomnography......Page 134
Differential diagnosis......Page 137
Treatment......Page 138
Levodopa......Page 139
Non-ergot dopamine agonists......Page 140
Opiates......Page 141
Augmentation......Page 142
FURTHER READING......Page 143
Central sleep apnea......Page 145
Pathophysiology......Page 146
CSA due to Cheyne–Stokes breathing......Page 148
Treatment......Page 149
Primary or idiopathic CSA......Page 151
Hypercapnic CSA......Page 152
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)......Page 153
Pathophysiology and pathogenesis......Page 154
Skeletal factors......Page 155
Reflex arc......Page 156
Genetic and developmental factors......Page 157
Hypertension......Page 158
Pulmonary hypertension......Page 159
Cardiac ischemia......Page 160
Stroke......Page 161
Role for bariatric surgery......Page 162
Behavioral modifications and positional therapy......Page 163
Positive airway pressure therapy......Page 164
Indications for bilevel......Page 165
Auto-titrating positive airway pressure......Page 167
Soft palate......Page 168
FURTHER READING......Page 169
Parkinson's disease and sleep-disordered breathing......Page 173
Parkinson's disease and REM sleep behavior disorder......Page 174
Sleep and stroke......Page 175
Sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke......Page 176
Sleep apnea and the outcome of stroke......Page 177
Stroke and sleep/wake disorders......Page 178
Sleep architecture in neuromuscular diseases......Page 179
Myotonic dystrophy......Page 180
Headache as a consequence of sleep disorders......Page 181
Daytime fatigue in MS......Page 182
Sleep and epileptic seizures......Page 183
Periodic limb movements during sleep and epilepsy......Page 184
FURTHER READING......Page 185
Epidemiology and clinical features......Page 186
Subjective complaints......Page 187
Polysomnographic findings......Page 188
Effects of antidepressive treatment on sleep......Page 189
Therapeutic use of sleep deprivation in depression......Page 190
Epidemiology and clinical features......Page 191
Polysomnographic findings......Page 192
Subjective complaints......Page 194
Polysomnographic findings......Page 195
Effects of antipsychotic medication......Page 196
Alcohol......Page 197
Stimulants......Page 198
Personality disorders......Page 199
FURTHER READING......Page 200
Cardiovascular disease and sleep......Page 202
Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease......Page 203
Congestive heart failure......Page 204
Nocturnal arrhythmia and sudden death......Page 205
Asthma......Page 206
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease......Page 208
Gastroesophageal reflux and sleep......Page 210
End-stage renal disease and sleep......Page 211
Chronic pain and rheumatological disorders......Page 213
Back pain......Page 214
Osteoarthritis......Page 215
Rheumatoid arthritis......Page 216
Infectious disease......Page 217
Conclusion......Page 218
FURTHER READING......Page 223
What is "enough" sleep?......Page 224
Screening for sleep disorders......Page 226
Healthy sleep habits......Page 227
Behavioral insomnia of childhood......Page 228
Obstructive sleep apnea......Page 230
Narcolepsy......Page 231
Delayed sleep phase type......Page 233
NREM parasomnias......Page 234
Restless legs syndrome......Page 236
Sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 238
Subjective sleep perception in the elderly......Page 240
Electrophysiological features in the elderly......Page 241
Diagnosis......Page 242
Treatment......Page 243
Diagnosis......Page 246
Treatment......Page 247
Clinical presentation......Page 248
Clinical presentation......Page 249
Treatment......Page 252
Diagnosis......Page 253
Treatment......Page 254
FURTHER READING......Page 255
Case example......Page 256
State-dependent violence......Page 257
Disorders of arousal......Page 258
Central pattern generators/locomotor centers......Page 259
State dissociation......Page 260
Sleep inertia......Page 261
Disorders of arousal and human violence......Page 262
Compelling hypnagogic hallucinations......Page 263
The role of alcohol or drugs in sleep-related violent behavior......Page 264
Automatisms and the law......Page 265
Clinical and laboratory evaluation of violence in the context of sleep and wakefulness......Page 266
Summary and future directions......Page 267
FURTHER READING......Page 268
Index (with page links)......Page 272