Sleep Disorders Part II: Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Series Editors: Aminoff, Boller and Swaab)

Genetics of Sleep Disorders......Page 0
Copyright
......Page 2
Volume series
......Page 3
Foreword......Page 4
Introduction......Page 83
Acknowledgments......Page 7
List of contributors
......Page 8
History of the Sleep Disorders Classification System......Page 11
Insomnia Due to Mental Disorder (327.02)......Page 12
Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Adult (327.23)......Page 13
Recurrent Hypersomnia (327.13)......Page 14
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Shift Work Type (327.36)......Page 15
Sleep-related Eating Disorder (327.49)......Page 16
Isolated Symptoms, Apparently Normal Variants, and Unresolved Issues......Page 17
References......Page 18
Introduction......Page 21
Introduction......Page 198
Clinical Laboratory Findings......Page 23
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder......Page 26
Narcolepsy......Page 28
Sleep in Neuromuscular Junctional Disorders......Page 29
International Classification of Sleep Disorders 2005......Page 183
Treatment of RBD in PD......Page 30
Malingering......Page 470
Physiological and Excessive Fragmentary Hypnic Myoclonus......Page 34
Pain......Page 459
Frequency and Clinical Characteristics of Sleep-wake Disorders After Stroke......Page 100
The Neurophysiological Bases of Insomnia......Page 36
Brainstem Rem Sleep-generating System......Page 101
Reactivity and Arousal During Sleep......Page 37
Narcolepsy......Page 462
Acoustic Perturbation: an Experimental Model of Insomnia......Page 41
Antidepressant Drugs and Insomnia......Page 42
Circadian Clock Genes in Humans......Page 283
Acute Secondary RBD......Page 43
Safety......Page 44
The Autonomic Costs of Insomnia......Page 45
Hypnotic-dependent Insomnia......Page 46
Fatal Familial Insomnia, Morvan's chorea, delirium Tremens......Page 47
The Underlying Factors of Insomnia......Page 48
Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Sleep......Page 453
Insomnia is Not Simply a Mental Problem......Page 49
References......Page 50
Appendix......Page 55
Presenting Complaints......Page 59
Nocturnal Movement Disorders......Page 460
Daytime Complaints and Findings......Page 60
Course and Prognosis......Page 61
Hypocretin Levels......Page 62
Differential Diagnosis......Page 63
Treatment Rationale and Indications......Page 65
Age of Onset, Course, and Complications......Page 66
Evidence for Efficacy......Page 67
Hla and Other Genetic Factors in Familial narcolepsy......Page 139
Treatment of Comorbid Insomnia......Page 68
Hypocretin/orexin System and Sleep regulation......Page 144
Diagnostic Methods and Criteria......Page 69
Benzodiazepines......Page 72
Summary......Page 254
Efficacy of BzRAs......Page 73
Pharmacological Treatments......Page 74
Summary......Page 75
Anticonvulsants......Page 76
Other Agents......Page 77
Cortical......Page 261
References......Page 78
Drugs Used as Hypnotic Agents......Page 84
Insufficient Sleep......Page 85
Laboratory Tests......Page 87
Nocturnal Seizures......Page 88
Falls, Cognitive Effects, and Other Considerations for the Elderly......Page 89
Sleep Disturbance......Page 246
Circadian Factors Influencing Stroke Onset......Page 91
Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep-wake Disorders After Stroke......Page 380
Other Drugs Used as Hypnotics......Page 92
Considerations for Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia......Page 93
Concluding Statement......Page 94
References......Page 95
Introduction......Page 99
Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 319
Parasomnias......Page 102
Sleep in Poliomyelitis and Postpolio Syndrome......Page 103
Hypocretin and the Control of Behavioral State......Page 104
Hypocretin Neurons and Hypocretin Receptors......Page 105
Narcolepsy......Page 161
Hypocretin-histamine Interactions in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions......Page 108
Hypothalamic Sleep-Promoting Systems and Their Interactions With Hypothalamic and Other Wake-Promoting Systems......Page 109
Links Between Vigilance Control and Other Hypothalamic Functions Through the Hypocretin System......Page 110
Symptomatic Narcolepsy......Page 111
References......Page 112
Recurrent hypersomnias......Page 117
Violence May Be State Dependent......Page 467
Sleep Duration and Sleep Schedule......Page 118
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class II Association......Page 119
Psychological Investigation......Page 120
RLS and Plmd in PD......Page 324
Predisposing and Precipitating Factors......Page 121
Changes in Melatonin Excretion and Rhythmicity......Page 338
Hypnic Headache......Page 122
References......Page 123
Introduction......Page 126
Clinical Features......Page 127
Neuropathological Aspects......Page 307
Cataplexy......Page 128
Sleep Eeg (architecture) Changes......Page 375
Pathophysiology of Sleep-wake Disorders after Stroke......Page 130
Sleep Pattern......Page 243
Sleep and Breathing Dysfunction in Primary Muscle Disorders......Page 414
Narcolepsy......Page 131
Laboratory Investigations......Page 419
Pathophysiological Consideration of narcolepsy-cataplexy......Page 136
Diagnostic Value of CSF Hypocretin-1 Measurements......Page 137
Pregnancy......Page 248
Narcolepsy and the Immune System......Page 141
Pathophysiological Considerations for Narcolepsy Without Cataplexy......Page 142
Symptomatic Narcolepsy and EDS, and The hypocretin System......Page 143
Current Treatments for Human Narcolepsy......Page 145
Increased Dopaminergic Transmission Mediates the Wake-promoting Effects of Currently Prescribed Stimulant Compounds.........Page 147
Future Therapies......Page 148
Conclusion......Page 149
References......Page 150
Syndromes of Sleepiness......Page 158
Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 159
Sleep Dysfunction in Myotonic Dystrophy......Page 162
References......Page 163
The Active Onset of Motor Suppression in Sleep......Page 165
Early Studies of Rem Sleep Motor Control......Page 166
The Motor Neuron in Sleep......Page 167
The Caudal Brainstem: Organizer of Motor Control in Rem Sleep......Page 168
Management......Page 170
Rem Sleep Without Atonia......Page 172
References......Page 176
NREM parasomnias......Page 180
Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)......Page 182
Pathophysiology......Page 233
Changes in Melatonin Excretion and Circadian Rhythmicity......Page 333
Nonphotic Circadian Inputs to the Scn......Page 184
Clinical Approach to Diagnosis of Respiratory Failure in Neuromuscular Disorders......Page 221
Clinical Features......Page 185
Clinical and Pathophysiological Subtypes......Page 448
Changes in Circadian Phase......Page 187
Diaphragmatic Pacing......Page 424
Sleep-related Eating Disorder......Page 188
Overview......Page 342
Use of Polysomnography......Page 189
Pharmacological Treatments......Page 192
References......Page 193
Rem Sleep Without Atonia and Increased Phasic Emg Activity in Rem Sleep......Page 199
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei......Page 334
The Tau Mutation......Page 200
Adding More Loops to the Cycle......Page 281
Differential Diagnosis......Page 201
Irregular Sleep-Wake Type......Page 202
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy......Page 447
Interventional Treatment Using Mechanical Devices......Page 422
Other Headache Entities......Page 203
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome......Page 204
Physiopathology in Animals and Humans......Page 206
References......Page 207
Physiological Fragmentary (or Partial) Hypnic Myoclonus (PFHM)......Page 212
Excessive Fragmentary Hypnic Myoclonus (EFHM)......Page 213
Clinical Manifestations of Sleep Dysfunction in Neuromuscular Disorders......Page 410
Propriospinal Myoclonus at the Wake-Sleep Transition......Page 215
Benign Sleep Myoclonus of Infancy......Page 216
Sleeptalking......Page 218
Clinical Features......Page 322
Sleep-Related Hallucinations......Page 222
Sleep Paralysis......Page 223
References......Page 224
Epidemiology and Genetics......Page 229
Diagnosis......Page 231
Complaints of Tooth Grinding and Morning Jaw Muscle Pain Including Headaches......Page 236
References......Page 237
Violence Arising From the Sleep Period......Page 240
Sleep-triggered Headaches......Page 395
Associated Features......Page 241
Periodic Limb Movements and Periodic Leg Movement Disorder......Page 242
Sleep and Motor Neuron Disease......Page 412
Differential Diagnosis......Page 444
Sleep Disturbances Associated With headaches......Page 245
Pathogenesis and Mechanism of SDB and Respiratory Failure in Neuromuscular Disorders......Page 418
Overview......Page 336
Associated Conditions and Secondary Forms of Rls......Page 247
End-stage Renal Disease and Dialysis......Page 249
Other Conditions......Page 250
Gender Differences......Page 251
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder Due to Medical Condition......Page 252
Prevalence in Other Geographical Population Surveys......Page 253
Hallucinations and Nocturnal Agitation......Page 255
Genetics: Association Studies......Page 256
Restless Legs Syndrome/periodic Limb Movements of Sleep......Page 257
The Role of the Dopaminergic System......Page 259
Overview......Page 349
Imaging Studies......Page 260
Spinal......Page 263
Other Causes of Sleep-disordered Breathing......Page 264
Other Dopaminergic Agents......Page 265
Anticonvulsants......Page 266
Summary......Page 267
Spinocerebellar Ataxia 3/Machado-Joseph Disease......Page 354
References......Page 268
The Master Neural Circadian Clock......Page 276
The Period Gene of the Circadian Clock......Page 277
The Mammalian Clock Gene......Page 278
Interactions of Clock With Period and Bmal1 genes......Page 279
Medication......Page 461
Other Genes and Mutations......Page 282
References......Page 284
Circadian Rhythms......Page 287
Epidemiology......Page 318
Pathophysiology......Page 288
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 290
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder (Rbd)......Page 469
Sleep Apnea and Snoring......Page 397
Treatment......Page 291
Prevalence......Page 292
Prevalence......Page 293
Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of waking, Sleep/violence......Page 472
Treatment......Page 294
Prevalence and Pathophysiology......Page 295
Treatment......Page 296
References......Page 297
The Prion Diseases......Page 302
Control of Breathing During Wakefulness and Sleep......Page 303
Neuroimaging Findings......Page 306
Molecular Neurobiology......Page 308
Sporadic Fatal Insomnia......Page 309
Infratentorial Strokes......Page 311
Conclusions......Page 313
References......Page 314
Disorders of Arousal (confusional Arousals, Sleepwalking/sleep Terrors)......Page 468
Treatment......Page 320
Disorders of Nocturnal Sleep......Page 321
RBD, EDS, and Hallucinations in PD......Page 323
References......Page 325
Overview......Page 332
Hypersomnia, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Apathy, Fatigue......Page 372
Types of Breathing Pattern in Neuromuscular Disorders......Page 335
Circadian Dysrhythmias, Insomnia, and Dementia (pertaining Primarily to Ad)......Page 337
Dysfunction of Light Transmission......Page 339
Environmental Light Exposure......Page 340
Light Therapy......Page 341
Idiopathic RBD......Page 343
Treatment......Page 344
Overview......Page 345
Medication-induced Insomnia in Demented patients......Page 346
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Dementing Illnesses (pertaining Primarily to Alzheimer's Disease)......Page 347
Other Sleep Disorders Likely To be Comorbid With Neurodegenerative Diseases......Page 348
Pathogenesis......Page 350
Nasal Cpap......Page 351
Clinical and Demographic Features......Page 352
Overview......Page 353
Dystonia......Page 355
Nonpharmacological......Page 356
Pharmacological......Page 357
References......Page 358
Supratentorial Strokes......Page 376
Hypersomnia, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Apathy, Fatigue......Page 378
Sleep-wake Disorders After Stroke and Stroke Evolution/outcome......Page 379
Frequency and Clinical Characteristics of Sleep-disordered Breathing After Stroke......Page 381
Poststroke Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 383
Sleep-disordered Breathing as a Risk Factor For stroke......Page 384
Sdb, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type Ii Diabetes......Page 385
Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 386
Introduction......Page 394
Pathogenesis......Page 431
Sleep-relieved Headaches (sleep as a Headache Reliever)......Page 396
Headaches Associated With Sleep Disturbances......Page 398
Tension-type Headache......Page 399
Sleep Disturbances and Headache as Comorbid Symptoms......Page 400
Headache and Sleep Disturbances have A common "Extrinsic" Cause......Page 401
Headaches With a Higher Risk of Sleep Disturbance......Page 402
Functional Links Between Headaches and Sleep......Page 403
References......Page 404
The Central Control of Breathing......Page 408
The Chest Bellow Component......Page 409
Pulmonary Function Tests......Page 420
Indications for Intermittent Positive Pressure ventilation......Page 423
Reference......Page 425
Historical Perspectives......Page 430
Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy......Page 432
Clinical and Pathophysiological Subtypes......Page 433
Age of Onset, Course, and Complications......Page 435
Pathology and Pathophysiology......Page 438
Polysomnographic and Other Objective Findings......Page 439
Early-onset or Late-onset Childhood Benign Epilepsy With Occipital Paroxysms......Page 446
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome......Page 449
Effect of Epileptic Phenomena On Sleep......Page 450
Modulation of Sleep Microstructure on Interictal Epileptic Discharges and Seizures......Page 451
Effect of Sleep Disorders......Page 452
References......Page 454
References......Page 464
A......Page 478
Automatisms and the Law......Page 471
References......Page 473
B......Page 479
C......Page 480
D......Page 482
E......Page 483
F......Page 484
H......Page 485
I......Page 486
L......Page 487
M......Page 488
N......Page 489
O......Page 490
P......Page 491
R......Page 492
S......Page 493
T......Page 495
W......Page 496
Z......Page 497