Sleep Disorders Part I: Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Series Editors: Aminoff, Boller and Swaab)

Series Editor......Page 0
Copyright......Page 2
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series......Page 3
Foreword......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 7
List of contributors......Page 8
Sleep in Prehistoric and Ancient Times......Page 12
Ancient Egypt......Page 13
Ancient China......Page 14
Ancient Greece......Page 15
Ancient Rome......Page 16
Sleep in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance......Page 17
Sleep in the 17th and 18th Centuries......Page 18
Sleep in the 19th Century......Page 20
Sleep in the 20th Century......Page 24
Neurochemistry......Page 25
Neurophysiology......Page 26
Chronobiology......Page 27
Pathology of Sleep......Page 28
Sleep Disorders Medicine......Page 29
Interfaces......Page 35
Clinicoanatomical Findings......Page 337
Animal Studies......Page 253
Practical Aspects of Treatment......Page 407
Central Sleep Apnea At Altitude......Page 353
Sleep and Medications......Page 38
Specific Risk Factors......Page 374
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (Ocd)......Page 39
Epic Dreaming......Page 530
Wakefulness......Page 40
Problems and Side-Effects......Page 413
Decreased Dream Recall (or Dreaming) Following Severe Trauma......Page 531
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Osa) and Sleep-disordered Breathing (Sdb)......Page 624
General Description......Page 43
Preoptic Region and Basal Forebrain......Page 126
Amplifier Settings and Calibration......Page 44
Paper Speed......Page 45
Advantages......Page 46
Other Considerations......Page 47
History......Page 50
Physical Examination......Page 52
Smoking Cessation......Page 54
Sleep Disorders......Page 55
Complex Sleep Apnea......Page 56
Animal Studies and the Physiological Sleep phenotype......Page 196
Thermoregulation......Page 60
Background and Definitions......Page 61
Respiratory Rhythm and Pattern Generation......Page 360
Consequences of Insomnia......Page 483
Comparison With Polysomnography......Page 63
Tonic Activation of the Respiratory Network......Page 361
Perspectives......Page 65
History of Night Eating as A Clinical Condition......Page 69
Sleepiness......Page 113
Consequences......Page 559
Sickness-induced Hyperalgesia......Page 72
The Enuresis Alarm......Page 355
Information Bias......Page 73
Artifacts......Page 74
Prone Sleeping Position......Page 484
Introduction......Page 75
Descriptive, Analytical, and Intervention studies......Page 267
Estrogen Level......Page 619
Alcohol Withdrawal and Polysomnography......Page 566
Enuresis and Psychiatry......Page 79
Sleep and the Menstrual Cycle......Page 620
Depression......Page 80
Wakefulness Neuroimaging in Depression......Page 81
Sleep-disordered Breathing......Page 633
Miscellaneous Devices......Page 259
Sleep Apnea in Patients With Established Congestive Heart Failure......Page 82
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome......Page 85
Aerophagia......Page 431
Acknowledgements......Page 314
Pseudoephedrine and Phenylpropanolamine......Page 448
Changes in Ventilatory Control......Page 87
Upper-Airway Surgery......Page 88
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder......Page 90
Acknowledgments......Page 91
The Definition of Sleep......Page 99
Rem Sleep......Page 307
Insects......Page 101
Fish and Amphibians......Page 102
Cerebrovascular Physiology During Sleep......Page 105
Physiologic Changes Over the Lifespan......Page 354
Assessing the Effects of Sleep Loss......Page 107
Physiology of Sred......Page 108
Historical Perspective of Sleep and Pulmonary Diseases......Page 112
Alveolar Hypoventilation......Page 114
Nightmare Disorder......Page 526
Associations With Other Disorders......Page 174
Temporal Theta Rhythm......Page 115
Mood Disorders......Page 560
Metabolic Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow......Page 116
Maturation of Non-Eeg Physiologic Behaviors Which Define State in the Preterm Infant......Page 117
Learning and School Performance......Page 119
Sleep Ontogenesis - State Maturation From Fetal Through Infancy Periods......Page 120
Follow-up......Page 122
Computer-Assisted Analyses of Eeg Sleep Organization in Neonates and Infants......Page 123
Nasal and Mouth Dryness, Nasal Congestion, rhinitis......Page 125
Historical Background......Page 131
Polysomnography......Page 191
Types of Memory......Page 254
Spinal Projecting Reticular Neurons......Page 133
The Nonspecific Thalamocortical Projection System......Page 134
Sleep Intensity of One Part of the Brain Can Be More Intense than Other Parts......Page 135
Experimental Studies of Sleep Loss On pain-related Sensations......Page 155
Histaminergic Tuberomammilary Neurons......Page 139
Orexinergic Posterior Hypothalamic Neurons......Page 140
Gabaergic Neurons......Page 141
Gaba and Hypnotic Drugs......Page 143
Amphetamines......Page 486
Acknowledgments......Page 144
Introduction......Page 150
Introduction......Page 151
Behavioral Treatment......Page 630
Effector Neurons for Different Components Of Rem Sleep: Brainstem Reticular Formation is Principal Location......Page 152
Modeling Sleep Regulation......Page 153
Hormones: Testosterone......Page 229
Differential Diagnosis of Nightmare Disorder......Page 528
The P-value......Page 154
Identification of Associated Osa......Page 156
Sleep-related Painful Erections......Page 349
Dorsal Raphe Serotonergic Neurons......Page 157
In Vivo and In vitro Evidence of Serotonergic Inhibition of Ldt/Ppt Neurons......Page 158
Locus Coeruleus and Rem Sleep Phenomena......Page 159
Gabaergic Influences And Rem Sleep......Page 160
Health Outcomes and Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure......Page 161
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome......Page 601
Maxillary and Mandibular Surgery......Page 333
Pharmacological Studies in Rats on the Behavioral State Effects of Gaba Agents......Page 162
A Model of Rem Sleep Generation Incorporating Gabaergic Neurons......Page 163
Rem-off Neurons and Their Excitation By Rem-on Neurons (Figure 10.10, Term D)......Page 164
An Alternative Rem-on and Rem-off Model With Gabaergic Neurons......Page 165
Acknowledgment......Page 166
The Forebrain Sleep Center......Page 171
Neurobiology of Dreaming......Page 212
Case-control Studies......Page 268
Mechanisms......Page 455
Pharmacological Treatment......Page 176
Evidence That Acetylcholine Does Not Play a crucial Role in the Activation of The Ps executive Neurons Localized in The Sld.........Page 177
Caffeine......Page 568
Ecstasy......Page 179
The Mch Peptidergic Neuronal Population......Page 180
Acknowledgments......Page 181
Epidemiology......Page 189
Sleep and Medical Illness......Page 193
Definition, Diagnostic Criteria, and General Considerations......Page 194
Neurocognition......Page 269
Conclusions......Page 197
Acknowledgment......Page 198
History......Page 202
Definitions......Page 481
Negative Findings......Page 443
Pathophysiology......Page 205
Effects of Pontine Brainstem Lesions......Page 207
Thermal Exchanges......Page 211
Thermoregulatory Responses as a Function of the Sleep Stage......Page 214
Temperature as a Function of Sleep......Page 215
Adults and the Elderly......Page 216
Circadian Rhythm Disturbances......Page 218
Basic Activity......Page 220
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Brief History......Page 224
Hormonal Factors......Page 227
Altered Sleep as an Acute-Phase Response: Mediators and Mechanisms......Page 228
Polysomnographic Findings and Power Spectral Eeg Analysis......Page 390
Sleep is a Fundamental Property Of neural assemblies......Page 230
Recurring Nightmares......Page 476
Acknowledgments......Page 231
Objective Differences in Females' Sleep......Page 236
Alcohol......Page 558
Clinical Disorders and Abnormalities of Dreaming......Page 238
Signs and Symptoms of Hypoventilation......Page 322
Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical System......Page 239
Treatment......Page 561
Cortisol......Page 240
Dental Appliances......Page 356
Nighttime Mental Activity (Ntma) And memory......Page 261
Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Thyroid (Hpt) System......Page 241
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome......Page 242
Adverse Intrauterine Environment And premature Birth......Page 243
Acetazolamide......Page 364
Gonadal Hormone Administration in Adults......Page 244
Conclusions......Page 245
Acknowledgment......Page 246
The Rem Sleep Window......Page 255
Experience-dependent Cerebral Reactivations in Humans......Page 257
Animal Studies......Page 258
Rem and Nrem Sleep Combined......Page 260
Acetylcholine......Page 262
Uptake and Purchase......Page 263
Treatment of Cheyne-Stokes Respiration in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure......Page 401
Summary......Page 270
Differences in Treatment of Women's Insomnia......Page 271
Menopause-related Sleep Disorders......Page 350
Cocaine......Page 272
Effect Size......Page 273
The Arousal Hypothesis......Page 274
Physiopathology......Page 275
Insomnia Among Patients With Neurological and Other Somatic Diseases......Page 276
Sleep Length: Natural Short And Long Sleepers......Page 277
Daytime Sleepiness......Page 278
Central Sensitization in Fm and Cfs......Page 281
Sleep Apnea......Page 283
Risk Factors for Snoring and Sleep Apnea......Page 285
Arterial Hypertension......Page 286
Newer Antiepileptic Drugs......Page 574
Snoring and Stroke......Page 287
Nocturnal and Early-morning Strokes are Related to Habitual Snoring and Obesity......Page 290
Evolution of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome......Page 291
Restless-Legs Syndrome......Page 292
Sleep-Related Isolated Symptoms......Page 295
Circadian Variation in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events......Page 308
Intrinsic Vasogenic Autoregulation Of cerebral blood Flow......Page 309
Neuroendrocrine Studies......Page 311
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Risk Of stroke......Page 312
Hemodynamic Changes in Central Sleep apnea......Page 313
Definitions......Page 318
Drugs of Abuse......Page 345
Psychophysiological Relationships......Page 320
Obstructive Sleep Apnea is an Inflammatory Disorder Resulting in Cardiocerebrovascular Disorders......Page 321
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension......Page 323
Heart Failure......Page 324
Osa as a Cause of Mortality......Page 325
Abnormalities of Dreaming That May Not Present as Clinical Complaints......Page 327
Pathophysiologic Sequelae of Sleep Apnea In heart Failure......Page 328
Periodic Breathing......Page 329
Treatment of Sleep Apnea in Heart Failure......Page 330
Mechanisms Implicated in Sids Deaths......Page 488
Cardiac Pacing......Page 332
Clinical Aspects of Nighttime Gastroesophageal Reflux......Page 340
Intestinal Motility and Irritable Bowel syndrome......Page 341
Wilbrand's Variant: Global Loss Or suppression of Dreaming......Page 499
Pharmacological Treatment......Page 347
Quality of Sleep......Page 453
Acute Exposure to Nicotine on Psg......Page 567
Marijuana......Page 547
Evaluation and Treatment of Therapy-resistant Cases......Page 357
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Sleep/restless-legs Syndrome......Page 363
The Apnea Threshold......Page 365
Physiology......Page 366
Hypoxia......Page 367
Conclusion......Page 491
Increased Ventilatory Effort......Page 368
Obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis, risk factors,
and pathophysiology......Page 371
Epidemiology......Page 372
Subjective Sleep Complaints......Page 536
Objective Studies of Gender Differences In circadian Rhythmicity......Page 426
Other Risk Factors......Page 376
Attention......Page 475
Drugs as an Adjunct to Treatment Of sleep apnea......Page 378
Upper-airway resistance syndrome......Page 388
Ventilator and Mode for Nippv......Page 442
Difference Between Osas and Uars......Page 391
Hypercapnic Central Sleep Apnea and Sleep Hypoventilation Syndrome......Page 397
Insomnia......Page 482
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd)......Page 545
Introduction......Page 406
Treatment of Decompensated Patients With Cardiorespiratory Failure......Page 410
Nippv Survival in Different Diseases......Page 411
Modulation of Arousal Responses to Noxious Stimuli From Human Studies......Page 412
Neurochemical and Psychopharmacological Findings......Page 512
Inhalants......Page 569
The Interface......Page 414
General Issues......Page 415
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome......Page 600
Baseline Indicators Influencing Cpap Usage......Page 416
Cpap and Cardiac Failure......Page 418
Acknowledgments......Page 419
Introduction......Page 425
Drugs as the Primary Treatment for Osas......Page 428
Appliance Type......Page 429
Treatment Recommendations......Page 432
Prescribed Medications......Page 433
Laser-assisted Uvulopalatoplasty......Page 434
Tracheostomy......Page 435
Diseases Which May Potentially Be Treated With Nippv......Page 444
Indications for Nippv......Page 445
Nocturnal Ventilation......Page 446
Air Leaks During Nippv......Page 447
Ventilatory Abnormalities......Page 454
Detection of Patients With Excessive Nocturnal Hypoxemia......Page 458
Oxygen......Page 459
Lucid Dreaming......Page 532
Protriptyline......Page 460
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure......Page 461
Sleep Disorders......Page 602
Summary......Page 462
Interstitial Lung Disease......Page 463
Conclusions......Page 464
Sleep Disturbances in Children......Page 470
Charcot-Wilbrand Syndrome......Page 471
Sleep-disordered Breathing......Page 472
Psychobehavioral Consequences of Sleep Disruption in Sdb......Page 474
Acknowledgments......Page 477
Infections......Page 485
The Breathing Control Hypothesis......Page 489
Introduction......Page 498
Sleep......Page 592
Cessation Or Suppression of Dreaming Following Prefrontal Leukotomy......Page 501
Excesses of Dreaming......Page 509
Functional Neuroimaging Findings......Page 510
Theoretical Considerations......Page 518
Functional Neuroanatomy of Dreaming......Page 519
Inflammatory Models......Page 598
Characteristics of Sred......Page 524
Psychology of Dreaming......Page 525
Experimental Studies of Sleep Modulation Of pain-related Sensation......Page 595
Rem Sleep Variables......Page 539
Treatment......Page 543
Mania......Page 544
Schizophrenia......Page 548
Sleep-related eating disorder......Page 556
Summary......Page 562
Alcohol, toxins, and medications as a cause
of sleep dysfunction......Page 565
Modafinil......Page 570
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)......Page 571
Trazodone......Page 572
Mirtazapine......Page 573
Dopamine Receptor Agonists......Page 575
Specific Agents......Page 576
Anxiolytics (not Classified Elsewhere)......Page 577
Alpha2 Agonists......Page 578
Antihistamines......Page 579
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (Tsh)......Page 580
Heavy Metals......Page 581
Introduction: the Problem of Sleep Disturbance and Pain......Page 591
Pain Processing and Modulation......Page 593
Pain Processing in Peripheral Afferents And spinal Cord......Page 594
Gating of Sensory Transmission During Sleep From Animal Studies......Page 596
Rem Sleep Deprivation Effects on Nociception in Animals......Page 597
Summary......Page 625
Background......Page 599
Objective Measures of Sleep in Fibromyalgia......Page 603
Nonrestorative Sleep in Fm and Cfs......Page 604
Dysregulation of the Stress System In Fm and Cfs......Page 605
Physical Findings......Page 606
Management of Sleep Disturbance......Page 607
Summary and Recommendations......Page 608
Acknowledgment......Page 609
Women and sleep......Page 616
Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period......Page 621
Perimenopause and Menopause......Page 622
Differences in Female Psychosocial Issues and the Impact on Sleep......Page 623
Introduction......Page 629
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior disorder......Page 636
Sleep in the Institutionalized Elderly......Page 637
Subject Index......Page 642