Slate as Dimension Stone: Origin, Standards, Properties, Mining and Deposits

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Slate in Architecture
	Reference
2 The Origin of Slate
	2.1 Sedimentation
	2.2 Metamorphism
	2.3 Tectonic and Deformation
	References
3 Methodology and Standards
	3.1 Determination of the Mineralogical Composition, Fabric and of Mica Stacking Index
	3.2 Microporosity and Thermal Expansion
	3.3 Determination of the Hydric Expansion
	3.4 Determination of Strength Parameters
	3.5 Determination of the Snow Load
	3.6 Standards for Roofing and Cladding
		3.6.1 Dimensions
		3.6.2 The Bending Strength
		3.6.3 Water Absorption
		3.6.4 Freeze-Thaw Resistance
		3.6.5 Thermal Cycle
		3.6.6 Sulphur Dioxide Exposure Test
		3.6.7 Petrographic Investigation and Defects
		3.6.8 Carbonate Content and Non-carbonate Carbon Content
	References
4 Properties of Slate
	4.1 Petrography and Mineralogy
	4.2 Fabric
	4.3 Optical Properties
	4.4 Strength Properties
		4.4.1 General Mechanisms of Deformation and Fracturing
		4.4.2 Strength Anisotropy of Slate
		4.4.3 Bending Strength
		4.4.4 Biaxial Flexural Strength
		4.4.5 Young’s Modulus, Deformation Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio
		4.4.6 Compressive Strength
		4.4.7 Tensile Strength
		4.4.8 Breaking Load at the Dowel Hole
		4.4.9 Hardness and Abrasion
		4.4.10 Fissility
	4.5 Density and Porosity
	4.6 Thermal Properties
	4.7 Hygric and Hydric Properties
	4.8 Moisture Transport Mechanism in Stones
		4.8.1 Water Absorption by Total Immersion
		4.8.2 Hydric Expansion
	References
5 Weathering of Slate
	5.1 Introduction and Environmental Conditions
	5.2 Classification of Deterioration Patterns
		5.2.1 General Terms
		5.2.2 Scaling (Fig. 5.5a, b)
		5.2.3 Delamination (Fig. 5.5c, d)
		5.2.4 Peeling (Fig. 5.5f)
		5.2.5 Discolouring (Fig. 5.5f, h)
		5.2.6 Biological Colonisation (Fig. 5.5g)
		5.2.7 Patina (Fig. 5.5g)
		5.2.8 Subflorescence (Fig. 5.5i)
		5.2.9 Efflorescence (Fig. 5.5j)
	5.3 Deterioration Caused by Mechanical Processes
	5.4 Chemical Weathering
	5.5 Oxidation
	5.6 Biological-Colonisation
	References
6 Mining of Slate and Production
	6.1 Overview
	6.2 Site Investigation
	6.3 Rock Failures
	6.4 Room and Pillar Design and Safety Calculation
	6.5 Failure Criteria of Rocks
		6.5.1 Mohr-Coulomb Criterion
		6.5.2 Hoek-Brown Criterion
		6.5.3 The Ubiquitous-Joint Model
	6.6 Production
		6.6.1 Production of Roofing Slate
		6.6.2 Other Slate Products
	References
7 Slate Deposits
	7.1 The Slates of Europe
		7.1.1 Slate in Great Britain
		7.1.2 Slate in Ireland
		7.1.3 Slate in Spain
		7.1.4 Slate in France
		7.1.5 Slate in the Ardennes
		7.1.6 Slate in Germany
		7.1.7 Slate in the Czech Republic
		7.1.8 Slate in Poland
		7.1.9 Slate in Slovakia
		7.1.10 Slate in Hungary
		7.1.11 Slate in Switzerland
		7.1.12 Slate in Italy
		7.1.13 Slate in Ukraine
	7.2 Slate in Russia
		7.2.1 South Ural
		7.2.2 Caucasus Mountains
	7.3 Slate in Georgia
	7.4 The Slates of Northern America
		7.4.1 Overview
		7.4.2 Slate in Canada
		7.4.3 Slates in the United States
	References
Index