Skeletal Circulation In Clinical Practice (World Scientific, 2016)

CONTENTS......Page 12
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Part 1: Physiology......Page 14
1.2 Organization of the Vascular System in Bone......Page 16
1.2.3 Venous system......Page 17
1.2.5 Structure and blood supply of the diaphyseal cortex......Page 18
1.2.5.2 Intracortical anastomoses......Page 19
1.3 Distribution of Bone Blood Flow......Page 20
1.3.1.1 Quantitative flow partition experiments......Page 21
1.3.3 Compensatory vascular responses in cortical bone......Page 22
1.4.1.1 Capillary characterization by surface markers......Page 23
1.4.3 Bone fluid spaces......Page 24
1.4.4 Ion exchange in bone......Page 25
1.4.5 Extravascular solute transport......Page 26
1.4.6 Fluid pressure and bone density......Page 27
1.5.2 Vascular reactivity......Page 28
1.5.3.2 Endothelin in bone......Page 30
1.5.3.3 Endothelial function in health and disease......Page 31
1.5.4 Autocrine and paracrine actions of bone endothelium......Page 32
1.5.6 Action of neuropeptides in bone......Page 33
1.6.1 Response of bone to hypoxia......Page 34
1.6.2 Hypoxia and the stem cell niche......Page 35
1.6.3.1 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)......Page 36
1.6.4 Bone-specific angiogenic mechanisms......Page 38
1.7 Response of Bone to Ischemia......Page 39
References......Page 40
2. Molecular Transport in Musculoskeletal Health and Disease......Page 52
2.1 Introduction......Page 53
2.3 Between Cells, Across Tissues and Organs: Molecular Transport is Central to Musculoskeletal Health and Disease......Page 54
2.4 Approaching Molecular Transport in MusculoskeletalHealth and Disease: Bone as a Case Study......Page 55
2.5.1 Current state of the art and hurdles to discovery......Page 57
2.5.2 New coupled imaging and modeling approaches......Page 59
2.6 Discussion and Future Directions......Page 60
References......Page 61
Part 2: Techniques of Measurement of Bone Circulation......Page 64
3. The Microsphere Method for Investigating Bone Blood Flow......Page 66
3.1 The Microsphere Method......Page 67
3.2.1 Heterogeneity of bone blood flow......Page 75
3.2.2 Autoregulation of bone blood flow......Page 77
3.2.3 Local cooling reduces bone blood flow......Page 81
3.2.4 Effects of tourniquet application on bone and muscle blood flow......Page 83
3.2.5 The relevance of bone blood flow in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis......Page 87
3.2.6 Clinical relevance of bone blood flow studies and future research meniscectomy......Page 89
References......Page 90
4.1 Introduction......Page 98
4.2 Physiology......Page 99
4.4 Clinical Applications......Page 100
4.4.2 Surgical approaches......Page 102
4.4.4 Soft tissues......Page 103
4.5 Limitations......Page 104
4.6 Future Directions......Page 105
References......Page 107
5.1 Introduction......Page 112
5.2 PPG Measurements of Bone Circulation and Oxygen Content......Page 113
5.3 Physiology of Multispectral PPG......Page 115
5.4.1 Introduction to light-matter interaction......Page 118
5.4.2 Theoretical aspects of PPG......Page 121
5.5 Clinical Applications of PPG......Page 124
5.6 Conclusions......Page 125
References......Page 126
6.1 History of 2D Radiologic Imaging in Bone......Page 130
6.2 3D Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Computed Tomography (CT)......Page 131
6.3 3D Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)......Page 133
6.4.1 Static vs. dynamic imaging techniques......Page 134
6.5.1 Choice of MRI contrast agent......Page 135
6.5.4 DCE-MRI analysis techniques......Page 137
6.5.5 Normative DCE-MRI values in skeletal circulation......Page 138
6.5.7.1 Osteogenic and Ewing’s sarcomas......Page 139
6.5.8 Femoral neck fractures......Page 140
6.5.10 Validation......Page 142
6.6.1 Choice of radiotracer......Page 143
6.7 Normal 18F-Fluoride PET Values in Skeletal Circulation......Page 144
6.9.1 Distal radius fracture healing......Page 145
6.10 Preclinical PET Application......Page 146
Acknowledgement......Page 148
References......Page 149
Part 3: Pathophysiology of Skeletal Circulation......Page 152
7.1 Introduction......Page 154
7.2 Histopathology and Pathomechanics......Page 155
7.3.1 Vascular disruption......Page 157
7.3.2.1 Lipid accumulation and lipocyte hypertrophy......Page 159
7.3.3 Extraosseous vascular constriction......Page 160
7.3.4.2 Dysbarism......Page 161
7.3.4.3 Hypercoagulation and thrombosis......Page 162
7.4 Circulatory Pathophysiology and Vascular Pathology......Page 163
7.4.1 A special note on corticosteroids and ON......Page 164
7.5 The Failure of Neo-Angiogenesis......Page 165
7.6 Impact of Pathogenic Mechanisms on Treatment Approaches......Page 167
7.7 Conclusions......Page 169
References......Page 170
8.1 Introduction......Page 178
8.2 Sickle Cell Disease and Osteonecrosis......Page 179
8.2.1 Pathology......Page 184
8.3 Gaucher Disease......Page 188
8.3.1 Imaging......Page 190
8.3.2 Pathology......Page 192
References......Page 195
9.1 Mature Long Bones Vascularity and Fractures......Page 198
9.2 Vascularity of Key Periarticular Bones......Page 200
9.2.1 Humeral head vascularity......Page 201
9.2.2 Femoral head vascularity......Page 203
9.2.3 Patellar vascularity......Page 204
9.2.4 Talar vascularity......Page 207
9.3 Femoral Neck Fracture: A Challenging Periarticular Fracture......Page 208
References......Page 215
10.1.2 Joint tissues: Non-synovial......Page 222
10.1.3 Vascular changes in joint inflammation......Page 223
10.2.1 Inflammatory arthropathies......Page 224
10.2.2 Crystalline arthropathies......Page 225
10.2.3 Hemophilia......Page 226
10.2.5 Post-surgical......Page 227
10.3 Imaging of Joint Inflammation and Synovitis......Page 228
10.3.1.1 Radiographs......Page 229
10.3.1.2 Arthrography......Page 230
10.3.1.3 Computed tomography......Page 231
10.3.1.4 Ultrasound......Page 232
10.3.1.5 Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 233
10.3.2.1 Whole body MRI......Page 238
10.3.2.2 Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, MRA......Page 239
10.3.2.4 PET/PET CT......Page 240
10.3.3.1 Near-infrared fluorescence optical imaging......Page 241
10.4 Conclusion......Page 242
References......Page 243
11.1 Introduction......Page 246
11.2.2 Static imaging of human OA......Page 247
11.2.3 Dynamic imaging of OA......Page 249
11.2.3.1 DCE-MRI......Page 250
11.2.3.2 18F PET......Page 253
11.3 Venous Stasis and Hypoxia......Page 255
11.4 Potential Cellular Consequences of Hypoxia and Altered Blood Flow......Page 257
11.5 Crossing the Tidemark: Is There a Communication between Bone and Cartilage in OA?......Page 258
References......Page 260
12.1 Bone Development......Page 266
12.2.1 Background and definitions......Page 267
12.2.3 Pathophysiology......Page 268
12.2.5 Contributing and preventative factors......Page 269
12.3.1 Bone remodeling......Page 270
12.3.2 Mechanical loading and fluid flow......Page 271
12.4 Bone-Blood Circulation......Page 272
12.4.1 Vascular anatomy of the long bone......Page 273
12.4.2 Mechanisms regulating bone circulation......Page 274
12.5.1 Ground-based experiments......Page 275
12.6.1 Bed-rest studies......Page 277
12.6.2 Bone fracture recovery studies......Page 278
12.7.1 Non-invasive measurement of bone perfusion......Page 279
12.7.2 Physical management of osteoporosis......Page 281
References......Page 282
13.1.1 Embryology of the hip......Page 296
13.1.2 Fetal development of the arterial supply to the hip......Page 297
13.1.3 Childhood arterial supply to the hip......Page 298
13.2.1 Femoral neck fractures......Page 301
13.2.2 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis......Page 303
13.2.3 Fractures of the greater trochanter......Page 305
13.3 Histology of Avascular Necrosis......Page 306
13.4.1 Legg-Calve-Perthes disease......Page 307
13.4.1.1 Coagulopathies in relation to Perthes disease......Page 311
13.4.3 Sickle cell disease......Page 314
13.5.1 Surgical dislocation of the hip......Page 315
13.5.2 Core decompression......Page 316
13.5.3 Abduction of the hip to improve containment......Page 317
13.6 Pharmacologic Treatment of Perthes Disease......Page 321
References......Page 322