Site planning and design handbook

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 18
1 Sustainability and Site Design......Page 22
Population and Demographics......Page 25
Implications......Page 29
Anticipated Effects of Global Climate Change......Page 31
Implications......Page 40
Land Use......Page 41
Water......Page 44
2 Sustainability and the “Green” Site......Page 46
Sustainable Development Principles......Page 47
Measuring Performance......Page 51
Capital Cost Implications......Page 54
Green Building Materials......Page 55
Pipe Materials......Page 57
Cement and Concrete......Page 59
Environmental Strategies for Concrete Use......Page 60
Treated Lumber......Page 61
Deconstruction......Page 62
Building Location......Page 65
Moving to Sustainability......Page 66
Site Analysis......Page 68
Collecting Site Information......Page 69
Hydrology......Page 77
Local Records and History......Page 79
Program Requirements......Page 81
Environmental Concerns......Page 82
Why Perform a Site Assessment?......Page 84
Format of a Site Assessment......Page 86
The Phase I Environmental Site Assessment......Page 87
Brownfields......Page 90
Site Layout......Page 94
Residential Site Design......Page 95
Emerging Practices......Page 97
Lot Layout Alternatives......Page 99
Allowances for Easements and Rights of Way......Page 106
Urban Infill......Page 107
Design for Security......Page 110
Lighting......Page 115
Commercial Lot Layout......Page 118
Walls and Fences......Page 122
Masonry Walls......Page 124
Water Features......Page 129
Pumps......Page 133
Plazas and Patios......Page 135
Bed Materials......Page 137
General Site Design Guidelines for Pedestrians......Page 140
Pedestrian Walkways......Page 143
Paving Materials and Design......Page 152
Signage......Page 154
Open Space Requirements......Page 155
Accessibility and Open Space......Page 163
Playground Design......Page 170
Bicycle and Multiple-Use Paths......Page 174
Seating......Page 177
Accommodating an Older Population......Page 179
Sidewalk Design for Older Adults......Page 187
Design for Dogs......Page 188
6 Street and Parking Design......Page 190
Streets for People......Page 192
Nontraditional Street Design......Page 200
Traffic Calming......Page 202
Cul-de-Sac Design......Page 207
Street Layout and Engineering......Page 212
Estimating Traffic Flow......Page 213
Vehicle Dimensions and Turning Radii......Page 214
Site Distance Calculation......Page 222
Vertical Curves......Page 225
Horizontal Alignment......Page 226
Parking Area Design......Page 227
How Much Parking Is Enough?......Page 228
Pavement Design......Page 234
7 Site Grading......Page 248
Engineering Properties of Soil......Page 249
Hillside Developments......Page 252
Minimizing the Impact of Site Grading......Page 254
Minimizing the Disturbed Area......Page 256
Using Grade Change Effectively......Page 257
Mulches......Page 260
Slope Stability......Page 261
Retaining Walls......Page 263
Erosion and Sediment Control......Page 270
Site Management......Page 277
Start-Up Meeting......Page 280
Storm Water Management......Page 284
Estimating Peak Runoff with the Rational Method......Page 286
Strategies in Arid Areas......Page 289
Swales......Page 291
Infiltration and Recharge......Page 296
Dry Wells......Page 298
Sand Filters......Page 299
Infiltration Trench......Page 301
Rain Gardens......Page 303
Detention and Retention Basins......Page 305
Other Considerations......Page 308
Green Roofs......Page 310
Gray Water Systems......Page 311
Sanitary Sewer......Page 312
On-Site Sewage Disposal......Page 317
Site Planning and Landscape Ecology......Page 320
Restoring Landscape......Page 321
Restoring Vegetative Cover......Page 322
Cultural Operations......Page 325
Selecting Plant Materials......Page 326
Enhancing Slope Stabilization with Trees......Page 328
Streams......Page 334
Stream Assessment......Page 339
Stream Bank Stabilization......Page 341
Establishing Stream Bank Vegetation......Page 346
Nonvegetative Bank Stabilization......Page 348
Wetlands......Page 350
Constructed Wetlands......Page 353
Restoration Planning......Page 354
Wetland Protection......Page 355
Brownfield Redevelopment......Page 358
Cleanup Standards......Page 361
Risk and Risk Management......Page 362
General Strategies......Page 363
Design Concerns......Page 365
Planting Design......Page 370
Native Plants......Page 375
Exotic and Invasive Species......Page 380
Landscaping for Energy Efficiency......Page 381
Urban Trees......Page 389
Selecting and Planting New Trees......Page 391
Preservation of Trees......Page 393
Trees in Fill......Page 394
Trees in Cut......Page 397
Phytoremediation......Page 399
Bioremediation......Page 400
Meadows......Page 405
Toxic Plants......Page 407
Investigation of the Historic Landscape......Page 410
Using Photography in the Site Analysis......Page 415
U.S. Landscape Style: An Overview......Page 416
Planning......Page 421
Adapting the Historic Landscape......Page 422
Environmental Concerns......Page 423
Land Preservation......Page 427
Preventing Changes in Use......Page 428
Effect of Preservation on Local Revenue......Page 430
The Effect of Growth Controls......Page 431
The Effect of Land Uses on Housing Prices......Page 433
12 Landscape and Culture......Page 436
The Use of Land......Page 439
Public Land and Private Land......Page 441
Growth Controls......Page 444
Takings......Page 448
Building the Postindustrial Landscape......Page 451
Landscape Ecology and People......Page 452
Science and Design......Page 455
Principles of Sustainability......Page 457
Emerging Trends......Page 458
Challenges......Page 460
Failure......Page 462
Communication......Page 464
Leadership......Page 466
Managing Change in the Organization......Page 467
Contracting......Page 468
Professional Liability......Page 469
Problem Solving......Page 470
Getting Paid......Page 471
Greening Up the Design Practice......Page 472
Presentations......Page 473
Who Is Liable?......Page 476
Superfund Defenses......Page 477
Environmental Site Assessment Methods......Page 478
Terminology......Page 479
Sampling Plans and Methods......Page 482
Redevelopment Strategies......Page 484
Environmental Insurance......Page 486
The Emergency Response Plan......Page 488
Emergency Equipment and Procedures......Page 490
Fuels and Petroleum Products......Page 491
Construction Chemicals......Page 492
Inspections......Page 493
C: Internet Resources......Page 494
References......Page 500
A......Page 508
B......Page 509
C......Page 510
D......Page 511
E......Page 512
G......Page 513
H......Page 514
L......Page 515
N......Page 517
P......Page 518
S......Page 522
T......Page 526
V......Page 527
Z......Page 528