Simulation of the Sea Surface for Remote Sensing

Introduction
Contents
1 Statistical Distributions of Sea Surface Elevations
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Possibilities and Limitations of the Gram-Charlier Distribution
	1.3 Combined Distribution Model
	1.4 Sea Surface Cumulant Variability
	1.5 Testing of the Gram-Charlier Distribution
	1.6 Statistical Models of the Nonlinear Wave Field
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2 Statistical Distributions Sea Surface Slope
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Two-Dimensional Laser Slopemeter
	2.3 Statistical Characteristics of Sea Surface Slope
		2.3.1 Distribution of a Weakly Non-linear Wave Field
	2.4 Dependence of Slope Statistics on Wind Speed
	2.5 Anisotropy of Sea Surface Slope
	2.6 Modeling the Probability Density Function of the Slope of the Sea Surface
		2.6.1 Opportunities and Limitations of Distributions Based on Truncated Gram-Charles Series
	2.7 The Longuet-Higgins Model
	2.8 Two-Component Conditional-Normal Distribution
	2.9 Sea Surface Slope Module
	2.10 Statistics of Sea Surface Slope in Areas of Slicks and Ripples
	2.11 Characteristics of Sea Surface Slope in Natural and Artificial Slicks
	2.12 Conclusion
	References
3 On the Dispersion Relation of Sea Waves
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Wave Measurement Equipment and Measurement Conditions
	3.3 Measurements of the Quadratic Coherence Function on the Scale of the Dominant Waves
	3.4 Comparison of Results of Field and Laboratory Experiments
	3.5 Modeling of the Quadratic Coherence Function
		3.5.1 Angular Distribution Effect of Wave Energy
		3.5.2 Effect of the Presence of Longwave Harmonics
		3.5.3 Group Structure Effect
	3.6 Calculation of Angular Distribution Functions
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4 Modeling the Shape of the Impulse Reflected from the Sea Surface
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Brown’s Model
	4.3 Sea Surface Elevation Probability Density Function Models
	4.4 Reflected Impulse Shape Calculation
	4.5 Errors in Sea Surface Level Determination
	4.6 Physical Limitations of Spatial Resolution of Spaceborne Radio Altimeter
	4.7 Errors in the Determination of Sea Surface Characteristics Due to the Group Structure of Surface Waves
	4.8 Conclusion
	References
5 Effect of Long Surface Waves on the Bragg Scattering of Microwave
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Bragg Scattering of Radio Waves by the Sea Surface
	5.3 Statistical Characteristics of Sea Surface Slopes
	5.4 Sounding of the Sea Surface in the Centimeter Range of Radio Wave
		5.4.1 Numerical Estimates of Changes in the Length of the Bragg Component
		5.4.2 Effect of Long Waves on the Bragg Scattering (Gaussian Distribution)
		5.4.3 Effects of Quasi-Gaussian Distribution of Sea Surface Slopes
	5.5 Sounding of the Sea Surface in the Millimetre Range of Radio Wave
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 Impact of Physicochemical Characteristics of the Sea Water on Bregg Scattering of Radio Waves
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Dependence of the Complex Dielectric Constant of Water on Its Temperature and Salinity
	6.3 Bragg Scattering Radio Wave
	6.4 Dependence of Geometric Coefficient on Water Temperature and Salinity
	6.5 Determination of Seawater Temperature and Salinity by Active Ocean Sounding Instruments
	6.6 Variability of Polarization Ratio
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7 Measurements of Statistical Moments of Sea Surface Slope Based on Satellite Sounding Data
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Function
	7.3 Restore Statistical Moments from Optical Scanners
	7.4 Laser Sensing of the Sea Surface from a Satellite
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 The Distribution of the Variance of the Sea Surface Slopes on the Spatial Scales Creating Their Waves
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Variances of Slopes of the Sea Surface
	8.3 Radar Determination of Slope Variance
	8.4 Radiometric Determination of Slope Variance
	8.5 In Situ Slope Measurements
	8.6 Comparison of Variances of Slopes of the Sea Surface
	8.7 Calculation of the Distribution of Surface Variances Based on Spectral Model
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
9 Study of the Variability in the Ocean-Atmosphere Interface as a Reflective Surface of Light
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Measuring Equipment and Measurement Conditions
	9.3 The Possibility of Determining the Slope of the Sea Surface by Indicating the Reflective Reflections of a Mirror
	9.4 Statistical Connection of Laser Glint Characteristics and Wave Field Characteristics
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 Physical Limitations of Accuracy of Remote Determination of Wind Speed Over the Ocean
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Altimetric Determination of Wind Speed
		10.2.1 Radio Altimeter Signal Conditioning
		10.2.2 Evaluation of the Error in Determining Wind Speed Based on in Situ Measurements
		10.2.3 Estimation of the Error in Determining Wind Speed Based on Sounding Data of the Sea Surface in the Optical Range
		10.2.4 Two-Parameter Recovery of Altimetric Wind
	10.3 Scatterometer Determination of Wind Speed
		10.3.1 Short Wave Energy Versus Wind Speed
		10.3.2 Long Wave Effect
	10.4 Conclusion
	References