Simplified Business Statistics Using SPSS

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Part I: Introduction to Statistical Analysis
	1. Introduction to Statistics, Data and Analysis
		1.1. Basic Statistical Concepts
		1.2. Application of Statistics
		1.3. Data and Classification of Data
			1.3.1. Scales of Measurement
			1.3.2. Numeric and Non-numeric Data
			1.3.3. Cross-Sectional and Time Series Data
			1.3.4. Primary and Secondary Data
		1.4. Data Sources
		Practice Exercise
	2. Collecting and Preparing Data for Analysis
		2.1. Data Collection Methods
		2.2. Preparing Data for Analysis
		2.3. Data Analysis
		Practice Exercise
	3. Getting Started with SPSS
		3.1. Starting SPSS
			3.1.1. Menus and Icons in SPSS
		3.2. Data Entry and Manipulation in SPSS
			3.2.1. Data Entry
				3.2.1.1. Define Variables in Variable View
			3.2.2. Menu for Data Management and Analysis
		3.4. Saving, Printing and Exiting SPSS
		3.5. Where to Find Help/Resources
		3.6. Extracting Inbuilt SPSS Data
		Practice Exercise
	4. Descriptive Statistics Methods
		4.1. Descriptive Statistics
			4.1.1. Tabular Presentation of Data Using SPSS
			4.1.2. Frequency Table without Intervals
			4.1.3. Frequency Table with Intervals
				4.1.3.1. Steps for Constructing Frequency Distribution Table with Intervals
		4.2. Graphical Presentation of Data
			4.2.1. Bar Graph
			4.2.2. Pie Chart
			4.2.3. Histogram
			4.2.4. Line Graph
			4.2.5. Stem and Leaf Plot
			4.2.6. Box Plot
			4.2.7. Frequency Polygon
			4.2.8. Scatter Plot
			4.2.9. Cumulative Frequency Curve/Ogive
		4.3. Numerical Measures
			4.3.1. Measures of Central Tendencies
			4.3.2. Measures of Dispersion/Spread/Variability
			4.3.3. Measures of Shape
			4.3.4. Measures of Association
		4.4. Exploratory Data Analysis
		Practice Exercise
Part II: Probability Concepts
	5. Introduction to Probability
		5.1. Basic Probability Concepts
		5.2. Assigning Probabilities
		5.3. Tree Diagrams
		5.4. Some Basic Relationships of Probability
			5.4.1. Union of Two Events
			5.4.2. Intersection of Two Events
			5.4.3. Complement of an Event
			5.4.4. Null/Empty
		5.5. Laws of Probability
			5.5.1. Additive Law
				5.5.1.1. Additive Law for Mutually Exclusive Events
				5.5.1.2. Additive Law for Not-Mutually Exclusive Events
			5.5.2. Conditional Probability
			5.5.3. Independent Events
		Practice Exercise
	6. Random Variables and Probability Distributions
		6.1. Random Variables
		6.2. Types of Random Variables
		6.3. Describing Random Variables
			6.3.1. Describing Discrete Random Variable
			6.3.2. Describing Continuous Random Variable
		6.4. Common Distributions
			6.4.1. Binomial Distribution
			6.4.2. Poisson Distribution
			6.4.3. Uniform Distribution
			6.4.4. Normal Probability Distribution
				6.4.4.1. Checking for Normality
			6.4.5. Normal Approximation of Binomial Probabilities
			6.4.6. Student’s t Distribution
			6.4.7. F-Distribution
			6.4.8. Chi-Square Distribution
		Practice Exercise
	7. Sampling and Sampling Distribution
		7.1. Sampling Terminologies and Concepts
		7.2. Sampling Methods
			7.2.1. Sampling Error: Need for Sampling Distribution
		7.3. Sampling Distribution
			7.3.1. Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean (x)
				7.3.1.1. The Mean and Standard Deviation of the Sample Mean
				7.3.1.2. Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean for Normally Distributed Variables
				7.3.1.3. Central Limit Theorem
			7.3.2. Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion (p)
				7.3.2.1. The Mean of Sample Proportion
				7.3.2.2. Standard Deviation of Sample Proportion
		Practice Exercise
Part III: Introduction to Statistical Inference Concepts and Methods
	8. Statistical Inference: Estimation
		8.1. Statistical Inference
		8.2. Estimation
			8.2.1. Relating P.E. and I.E.
			8.2.2. Computing P.E.
			8.2.3. Computing M.E.
			8.2.4. Computing Za/2 values
			8.2.5. Computing ta/2 Values
			8.2.6. Computing Standard Errors (S.E.)
			8.2.7. Computing Confidence Interval
			8.2.8. Computing Confidence Interval Estimate for Two Populations (Two Groups)
		8.3. Sample Size Determination
		Practice Exercise
	9. Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing
		9.1. Testing of Hypotheses
			9.1.1. The Nature of Hypothesis Testing
			9.1.2. Hypothesis
		9.2. Forms for Null and Alternative Hypothesis
		9.3. Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing
		9.4. Decision Rules for Rejecting Null Hypothesis
			9.4.1. Critical-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing
			9.4.2. p-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing
			9.4.3. Steps in Hypothesis Testing
				9.4.3.1. Steps in the Critical-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing
				9.4.3.2. Steps in the p-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing
		Practice Exercise
	10. Testing Hypothesis about One Population
		10.1. Application of Hypothesis Testing
			10.1.1. Testing of Hypothesis about One Population
		10.2. Practice Exercise
	11. Testing Hypothesis about Two Populations
		11.1. Application of Hypothesis Testing
			11.1.1. Testing of Hypothesis about Two Populations
		Practice Exercise
	12. Testing Hypothesis about More Than Two Populations
		12.1. Introduction to Experimental Designs
		12.2. The Completely Randomized Design (One-Way ANOVA)
		12.3. Hypothesis Testing Procedure for One-Way ANOVA Using SPSS
		12.4. Multiple Comparison Tests
		Practice Exercise
	13. Testing Relationships about Categorical Data
		13.1. The Chi-Square Distribution
			13.1.1. The Chi-Square Test
		13.2. Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
			13.2.1. Testing Hypothesis Steps for Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test Using SPSS
		13.3. Chi-Square Test for Independence
			13.3.1. Hypothesis Testing Steps for Chi-Square Test for Independence
		Practice Exercise
	14. Testing Relationships about Numerical Data
		14.1. Inferences in Correlation Analysis Using SPSS
		14.2. Regression Analysis Using SPSS
			14.2.1. Simple Linear Regression Analysis Using SPSS
			14.2.2. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Using SPSS
				14.2.2.1. Estimating Regression Parameters
				14.2.2.2. Multiple Coefficient of Determination
				14.2.2.3. Hypothesis Tests for the Slope/Regression Coefficient
				14.2.2.4. Hypothesis Tests for the Overall Significant Relationship
		Practice Exercise
Part IV: Special Topics in Statistical Analysis
	15. Nonparametric Tests
		15.1. Nonparametric Test
		15.2. One-Sample Sign Test Using SPSS
			15.2.1. Hypothesis Tests for the One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
		15.3. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for Matched/Paired Samples Using SPSS
			15.3.1. Hypothesis Tests for the Paired or Matched Sample Signed Rank Test
				15.3.1.1. For Sign Test
				15.3.1.2. For Wilcoxon Singed Rank Test
		15.4. Mann-Whitney U Test Using SPSS
			15.4.1. Hypothesis Tests for Mann-Whitney U test
		15.5. Kruskal-Wallis H Test Using SPSS
			15.5.1. Hypothesis Tests for Kruskal-Wallis H Test
		Practice Exercise
	16. Analysis of Time Series Data
		16.1. Introduction to Time Series Analysis and Forecasting
			16.1.1. Time Series Components
			16.1.2. Understanding Time Series
			16.1.3. Stationary Time Series
			16.1.4. Creating Lags of Time Series
			16.1.5. The Measurement of Forecasting Error
				16.1.5.1. Error
				16.1.5.2. Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
				16.1.5.3. Mean Square Error (MSE)
			16.1.6. Reading Time Series Data
			16.1.7. Plotting Time Series
		16.2. Decomposing Time Series
			16.2.1. Decomposing Nonseasonal Data
			16.2.2. Decomposing Seasonal Data
		16.3. Forecasts Using Exponential Smoothing
			16.3.1. Simple Exponential Smoothing
			16.3.2. Holt’s Linear Exponential Smoothing
			16.3.3. Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing
		16.4. ARIMA Models
			16.4.1. Formulation of ARIMA Models
			16.4.2. Differencing a Time Series
			16.4.3. Selecting a Candidate ARIMA Model
			16.4.4. Forecasting Using an ARIMA Model
		16.5. Autocorrelation and Partial Autocorrelation
			16.5.1. Autocorrelation Function
			16.5.2. Partial Autocorrelation Function
		Practice Exercise
	17. Statistical Quality Control
		17.1. Introduction
		17.2. Objectives of Statistical Process Control
		17.3. SPC Control Charts Using SPSS
			17.3.1. Continuous/Variable Control Charts
				17.3.1.1. X-Bar and R Control Charts
				17.3.1.2. Run Charts
				17.3.1.3. X–MR Charts (I–MR, Individual Moving Range)
				17.3.1.4. X-Bar – S Charts
				17.3.1.5. EWMA Chart
			17.3.2. Discrete/Attributes Control Charts
				17.3.2.1. p Charts
				17.3.2.2. np Charts
				17.3.2.3. c Charts
				17.3.2.4. u Chart
		Practice Exercise
Index