Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers, 2016 MLA Update

Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 3
Title Page
......Page 7
Copyrightpage
......Page 8
Introduction to Students......Page 12
Preface......Page 13
About the Authors......Page 18
Detailed Contents......Page 19
Part 1  Writing Situations and Processes......Page 21
1 Ten Top Tips for College Writers
......Page 22
1. Be specific: use RENNS.......Page 23
3. Check Part 2, “Frames for College Writing,” for ideas......Page 24
4. Focus on purpose and audience......Page 25
6. Engage your readers......Page 26
8. Develop your ability as a critical reader and thinker......Page 27
9. Record source information......Page 28
2 Ten Troublesome Mistakes Writers Make
......Page 29
1. Sentence fragments......Page 30
2. Comma splices and run-ons......Page 31
4. Mistakes in pronoun–antecedent agreement......Page 32
6. Sentence shifts......Page 33
8. Mistakes with homonyms......Page 34
10. Apostrophe errors......Page 35
A Importance of reading......Page 36
B  Purposes for college reading......Page 37
C SQ3R reading process......Page 38
D  Reading comprehension strategies......Page 40
A
 What “critical” means......Page 41
B 
Rhetorical appeals......Page 42
C Levels of meaning......Page 43
D Critical thinking and reading processes......Page 45
E Close and active reading......Page 47
F Analyzing......Page 49
G Synthesizing and evaluating......Page 53
H Inductive and deductive reasoning......Page 54
I Reading images critically......Page 57
J How images persuade......Page 59
K Analyzing words with images......Page 60
5 Understanding College and Other Writing Situations......Page 61
A Writing situations......Page 62
B Purpose
......Page 63
C Audience
......Page 67
E Genre......Page 70
F Context and special requirements......Page 71
A Writing processes......Page 72
B Thinking like a writer......Page 74
C Starting to plan......Page 75
D Developing ideas......Page 76
E Thesis statement......Page 81
F Outlining......Page 83
G First draft......Page 86
I Revising......Page 88
J Editing......Page 91
L Student’s draft essay......Page 94
7 Writing Paragraphs, Shaping Essays
......Page 96
C Introductory paragraphs......Page 97
D Body paragraphs......Page 99
E Topic sentences......Page 100
F Developing body paragraphs......Page 102
G Coherence......Page 103
H Rhetorical patterns......Page 107
J Concluding paragraphs......Page 114
A Document design......Page 116
C Text......Page 117
E Photographs......Page 120
F Other visuals......Page 123
G Page layout......Page 125
B What to include......Page 127
C Self-reflection......Page 128
D Format......Page 130
10 Writing with Others
......Page 131
B Collaboration......Page 132
C Giving feedback......Page 135
D Benefiting from others’ help......Page 139
E Online discussions......Page 140
Part 2 Frames for College Writing
......Page 143
A Personal essays......Page 144
B Planning and revising......Page 145
C Frame for a personal essay......Page 146
D Sentence and paragraph guides......Page 147
E Student essay example......Page 148
B Planning and revising......Page 152
C Frame for an informative essay......Page 153
D Sentence and paragraph guides......Page 154
E Student essay example......Page 155
A Process essays......Page 159
C Frame for a process essay......Page 160
D Sentence and paragraph guides......Page 161
E Student essay example......Page 162
A Essays analyzing cause or effect......Page 166
B Planning and revising
......Page 167
C Frame for essays that analyze cause or effect......Page 168
D Sentence and paragraph guides......Page 169
E Student essay example......Page 170
A Textual analysis......Page 173
B Generating ideas......Page 174
C Frame for a textual analysis......Page 175
D Sentence and paragraph guides......Page 176
E Student essay example......Page 177
16 Argument Essays
......Page 183
A Arguments......Page 184
B Planning and revising......Page 185
C Logical fallacies......Page 188
D Frames for arguments......Page 190
E Sentence and paragraph guides......Page 191
F Student essay example......Page 192
A Proposal or solution essays......Page 199
C Frame for a proposal or solution essay......Page 201
E Student essay example......Page 203
A Evaluation essays......Page 207
B Planning and revising......Page 208
C Frame for anevaluation essay......Page 210
D Sentence and paragraph guides......Page 211
E Student essay example......Page 212
Part 3 Source-Based Writing......Page 217
A Plagiarism......Page 218
B Avoiding plagiarism......Page 219
C Avoiding patchwriting......Page 220
E Documenting ideas......Page 222
F Internet sources......Page 223
G What not to document......Page 224
20 Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing......Page 225
B Quoting sources......Page 226
C Paraphrasing sources......Page 231
D Summarizing sources......Page 233
E Signal words forintegrating sources......Page 236
F Synthesizing sources......Page 237
G Relationships betweensources......Page 239
A Typical assignments......Page 247
B Summary essay......Page 248
C Response essay......Page 250
D Analysis or interpretation essays......Page 253
E Essays that applyreadings......Page 259
Part 4  Research and Documentation......Page 265
A Research......Page 266
B Sources......Page 268
C Research papers......Page 269
D Planning a research project......Page 270
E Choosing a research topic......Page 271
F Research question......Page 272
G Research log......Page 273
J Choosing a documentation style......Page 274
L Field research......Page 275
M Working bibliography......Page 279
N Documentation software......Page 280
O Annotated bibliography......Page 281
P Content notes......Page 282
B Libraries......Page 284
C Search engines and databases......Page 286
D Using search engines and databases......Page 287
E Finding books......Page 291
F Finding periodicals......Page 293
G Using reference works......Page 296
H Finding images......Page 298
24 Evaluating Sources
......Page 299
B Credibility of the publisher......Page 300
C Credibility of the author......Page 306
D Use of evidence......Page 309
E Other critical thinking tests......Page 311
F Combined evaluation strategies......Page 312
B Drafting a thesis statement......Page 313
C Outlining......Page 314
D Drafting......Page 315
E Frames for research papers......Page 316
F Revising......Page 318
G Editing and formatting......Page 319
MLA Works Cited List Directory......Page 320
B MLA in-text parenthetical documentation......Page 322
C MLA examples for parenthetical citations......Page 324
D MLA Works Cited list......Page 328
E MLA examples for sourcesin a Works Cited list......Page 331
F MLA format guidelines for research papers......Page 356
G MLA-style student research paper......Page 359
APA References List Directory......Page 368
B APA in-text parenthetical citations......Page 370
C APA examples for in-text citations......Page 371
D APA guidelines for a References list......Page 375
E APA examples for sourcesin a References list......Page 378
H APA format guidelinesfor research papers......Page 398
I APA-style studentresearch paper......Page 401
A CM-style documentation......Page 416
B CM examples for bibliographic notes......Page 420
C CSE-style documentation......Page 439
D CSE examples for sources in a list of references......Page 442
Part 5  Understanding Grammar and Writing Correct  Sentences......Page 447
B Nouns......Page 448
C Pronouns......Page 449
D Verbs......Page 450
E Verbals......Page 451
F Adjectives......Page 452
G Adverbs......Page 453
I Conjunctions......Page 455
J Interjections......Page 456
L Subject and predicate......Page 457
M Direct and indirect objects......Page 460
N Complements, modifiers, and appositives......Page 462
O Phrases......Page 463
P Clauses......Page 465
Q Four sentence types......Page 469
A What verbs do......Page 471
B Forms of main verbs......Page 473
C The -s, or -es, form......Page 474
D Regular and irregular verbs......Page 475
E Auxiliary verbs......Page 479
F Intransitive and transitive verbs......Page 481
G Verb tense......Page 483
I Perfect tenses......Page 484
J Progressive forms......Page 485
K Tense sequences......Page 486
M Subjunctive forms......Page 489
O Active rather than passive voice......Page 491
P Proper uses of passive voice......Page 492
B Personal pronouns......Page 493
C Pronouns and case......Page 494
D Case when and connects pronouns......Page 495
F Case after linking verbs......Page 497
G Who, whoever, whom, and whomever......Page 498
H Case after than or as......Page 499
J Pronouns with -ing words......Page 500
K Case with -self pronouns......Page 501
N Unclear pronoun reference......Page 502
O Pronouns with it, that, this, and which......Page 504
Q It......Page 505
R You for direct address......Page 506
S That, which, and who......Page 507
C Final -s or -es in a subject or verb......Page 509
D Words between a subject and its verb......Page 511
E Subjects connected by and......Page 512
G Subjects connected by or......Page 513
H Inverted word order......Page 514
I Indefinite pronoun subjects......Page 515
L Verbs with who, which, and that......Page 516
M Verbs with amounts, fields of study, and other special nouns......Page 517
N Verbs with titles, company names, and words as words......Page 518
O What pronoun–antecedent agreement is......Page 520
R When antecedents are indefinite pronouns......Page 521
S Nonsexist pronouns......Page 523
T When antecedents are collective nouns......Page 524
A Adjectives versus adverbs......Page 525
B When to use adverbs as modifiers......Page 526
C Double negatives......Page 527
D Adjectives or adverbs after linking verbs......Page 528
E Comparative and superlative forms......Page 529
F Avoiding a long string of nouns as modifiers......Page 532
A What a sentence fragment is......Page 533
B Recognizing a sentence fragment......Page 534
C Fragment that starts with a subordinating word......Page 536
D Fragment that lacks a verb......Page 537
E Fragment that lacks a subject......Page 538
F Fragment that’s part of a compound predicate......Page 539
G List that is a fragment......Page 540
H Intentional fragments......Page 541
A What comma splices and run-ons are......Page 542
B Recognizing comma splices and run-ons......Page 543
E Comma and coor
dinating conjunction to correct comma splices and run-ons......Page 545
F Revising clauses to correct comma splices and run-ons......Page 547
G Using adverbs and 
transitions to correct comma splices and run-ons......Page 549
A What a misplacedmodifier is......Page 551
B Avoiding split infinitives......Page 552
C Avoiding other splits in sentences......Page 553
D Avoiding dangling modifiers......Page 555
A What a shifting sentence is......Page 556
B Shifts in person and number......Page 557
C Shifts in subject and voice......Page 558
D Shifts in tense and mood......Page 559
E Shifts between indirectand direct discourse......Page 560
F What a mixed sentence is......Page 561
G Mixed sentence due to faulty predication......Page 562
H Elliptical constructions......Page 563
J Proofreading for omitted words......Page 564
Part 6 Writing Effectively with Style......Page 567
B Standard edited English......Page 568
D Exact diction......Page 569
E Specific words......Page 572
F Figurative language......Page 573
G Gender-neutral language......Page 574
H Language to avoid......Page 576
SENTENCE VARIETY......Page 579
I Sentence length......Page 580
J Cumulative and periodic sentences......Page 581
K Modifiers......Page 582
L Other ways to create variety and emphasis......Page 583
B Coordination insentences......Page 584
E Effective coordination
......Page 585
F Subordination in sentences......Page 586
G Structure of a subordinate sentence......Page 587
H Subordinating conjunctions......Page 588
I Effective subordination......Page 590
J Coordination and subordination together......Page 591
A What parallelism is......Page 592
C Impact of parallelism......Page 593
D Avoiding faulty parallelism......Page 594
E Parallelism in outlines and lists......Page 597
B Common expressions that are not concise......Page 599
C Sentence structures that work against conciseness......Page 601
D Revising for conciseness......Page 603
E Verbs and conciseness......Page 605
Part 7 Using Punctuation and Mechanics......Page 607
A Periods ending sentences......Page 608
C When to use a question mark......Page 609
F Overuse of exclamation points......Page 610
A The role of the comma......Page 612
B Commas with coordinating conjunctions......Page 613
C Commas with introductory clauses, phrases, and words......Page 616
D Commas with items in a series......Page 617
E Commas with coordinate adjectives......Page 619
F Commas with nonrestrictive elements......Page 621
G Commas with parenthetical expressions, contrasts, words of direct address, and tag sentences......Page 622
H Commas with quoted words......Page 623
I Commas in dates, names, addresses, correspondence, and numbers......Page 625
J How commas clarify meaning......Page 627
K Misusing commas......Page 628
A Uses of a semicolon......Page 632
B Semicolon, not period, between independent clauses......Page 633
D Semicolons with coordinating conjunctions......Page 634
F Avoiding semicolon errors......Page 635
A Uses of a colon......Page 637
B Colon introducing a list, appositive, or quotation......Page 638
D Standard formats requiring a colon......Page 639
E When a colon is wrong......Page 640
B Apostrophe to show apossessive noun......Page 642
C Apostrophe with possessive pronouns......Page 643
D Apostrophe with contractions......Page 644
G When an apostrophe is wrong......Page 645
B Quotation marks with short direct quotations......Page 648
C Quotation marks with long quotations......Page 649
E Quotation marks for quotations of poetry and dialogue......Page 650
F Quotation marks with titles of short works......Page 652
G Quotation marks for words used as words......Page 653
H Quotation marks with other punctuation......Page 654
I When quotation marks are wrong......Page 655
48 Other Punctuation Marks
......Page 656
A Dash......Page 657
B Parentheses......Page 659
C Brackets......Page 661
D Ellipsis points......Page 662
E Slash
......Page 665
H Hyphen with prefixes and suffixes......Page 667
I Hyphen with compound words......Page 668
A Capitals for a “first” word......Page 670
B Capitals with listed items......Page 671
D Capitals with quotations......Page 672
E Capitals for nouns and adjectives......Page 673
G Italics versus quotation marks......Page 676
I Standard practices for using abbreviations......Page 678
J Abbreviations with months, time, eras, and symbols......Page 679
K Abbreviations for other elements......Page 680
L When to use etc.......Page 682
M When to use 
spelled-out numbers......Page 683
N Standard practices for 
writing numbers......Page 684
50 Spelling
......Page 685
B Proofreading for spelling and hyphen use......Page 686
C How plurals are spelled......Page 687
E The ie, ei rule......Page 688
F Why commonly confused words and homonyms are misspelled......Page 689
G Compound words......Page 695
Part 8  Writing When English Is Not Your First Language
......Page 697
 Our Message to Multilingual Writers
......Page 698
B Expectations for analysis of readings......Page 699
C Improving sentence structure......Page 700
E English errors from other languages......Page 701
F Correcting errors......Page 702
A Count and noncount nouns......Page 703
B Determiners with singular and plural nouns......Page 704
C One of, nouns as adjectives, and states in names or titles......Page 706
D Nouns with irregular plurals......Page 707
A A, an, or the with singular count nouns......Page 708
B Articles with plural nouns and noncount nouns......Page 711
C The with proper nouns and gerunds......Page 712
A Standard and inverted word order......Page 715
B Placement of adjectives......Page 717
C Placement of adverbs......Page 718
55 Prepositions
......Page 720
B Prepositions with expressions of time and place......Page 721
C Prepositions in phrasal verbs......Page 723
E Prepositions in expressions......Page 724
56 Gerunds, Infinitives, and Participles
......Page 725
B Using a gerund, not an infinitive, as an object......Page 726
C Using an infinitive, not a gerund, as an object......Page 728
E How meaning is unchanged when a gerund or an infinitive follows sense verbs......Page 730
F -ing and -ed forms for adjectives......Page 731
57 Modal Auxiliary Verbs
......Page 733
A Conveying ability, necessity, advisability, possibility, and probability with modals......Page 734
B Conveying preferences,
plans, and past habits with modals......Page 736
C Modals in the passive voice......Page 737
Part 9  Specific Writing  Situations......Page 739
A Writing across the curriculum......Page 740
B Audience and purpose across the curriculum......Page 741
A What the humanities are......Page 742
B Types of papers in the humanities......Page 743
C Documentation in the humanities......Page 744
E Different types of papers about literature......Page 745
F Special rules for writing about literature......Page 748
H A student’s essay about literature......Page 749
B Types of papers in the social sciences......Page 754
E Types of papers in the natural sciences......Page 756
B Preparing for essay exams......Page 758
C Adapt the message to the audience......Page 760
D Organize a presentation......Page 761
E Using multimedia in presentations......Page 762
F Presentation styles......Page 764
G Collaborative presentations......Page 765
A What digital environments are......Page 766
B Blogs......Page 767
C Wikis......Page 768
E Video and sound recordings......Page 769
F Web sites......Page 770
G Netiquette......Page 772
H Social networking......Page 773
B Features of work correspondence......Page 774
C Work e-mail......Page 775
E Business letters......Page 777
G Résumés......Page 778
H Job application letters......Page 781
Usage Glossary
......Page 785
Terms Glossary
......Page 795
Credits
......Page 811
Index
......Page 813
Proofreading Marks and Response  Symbols......Page 838