Silicon Photonics

front-matter.pdf......Page 1
Introduction......Page 17
Physical Properties of Silicon......Page 22
Brillouin Zone Folding in Atomic Layer Superlattices......Page 25
Band Structure Engineering via Alloying......Page 27
Porous Silicon......Page 29
Silicon Nanocrystals......Page 33
Wells......Page 38
Wires......Page 39
Dots......Page 40
Luminescence via Impurity Centers in Silicon......Page 42
Erbium Coupled with Silicon Nanocrystals......Page 43
Silicon Based Waveguides......Page 45
Detectors......Page 47
Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits......Page 48
New Directions for Silicon Lasers......Page 49
Bulk Silicon......Page 50
Si/Ge Quantum Cascade Structures......Page 51
Terahertz Emission......Page 52
Low Dimensional Silicon Structures......Page 53
Polymers and Molecules Containing Silicon......Page 54
References......Page 55
Index......Page 67
Introduction......Page 69
Applications for Integrated Silicon Photonics......Page 71
Chip-to-Chip Applications......Page 72
Temperature Issues......Page 75
Voltage Issues......Page 76
Longer Reach Applications......Page 77
Integration......Page 78
Types of Integration......Page 79
Cost......Page 81
Performance......Page 84
Thermal Stability......Page 85
Chemical Compatibility......Page 87
Lithography......Page 88
Etching......Page 91
Yield......Page 93
Tapers......Page 95
Laser Die Alignment......Page 98
Fiber Attachment......Page 101
Summary......Page 102
References......Page 103
Index......Page 107
The Silicon Paradigm......Page 109
A Roadmap for Communication Technology......Page 110
Photonic Interconnection......Page 111
Microphotonic Integrated Circuits......Page 112
Optical Clock Signal Distribution......Page 113
Optical Waveguides......Page 115
Bends......Page 116
Air Trench Bends for Sharp Bends......Page 117
WDM Functions and Add/Drop Micro-rings......Page 119
Polarization Splitters and Rotators......Page 120
Silicon Light Sources......Page 122
Microphotonic Amplifiers and Lasers......Page 123
Index Scaling and the Design  of Efficient Microphotonic Optical Amplifiers......Page 124
Compact Lasers......Page 125
Heteroepitaxial Growth of On-Chip Detectors......Page 126
Broadband High Speed Detectors......Page 127
Lightwave Circuit Integation with Photodetector......Page 129
Multichannel Design......Page 131
Photonic Band-Gap Waveguide Amplifier......Page 133
Complex Photonic Structures......Page 134
References......Page 136
Index......Page 140
Introduction......Page 142
The Electrical Intra-Chip Interconnect and Its Scaling......Page 143
The Interconnect Speed Bottleneck......Page 145
The Power Consumption, Signal Integrity and Trade-offs......Page 147
Interconnect as a Global Design Issue......Page 150
Definitions, Figures of Merit and Characterizations......Page 152
Physical Appeal of Optical Interconnect......Page 154
Fundamental Limits......Page 157
Material Limits......Page 158
Devices Limits......Page 160
Circuit Limits......Page 163
Break-even Length for Speed Performance......Page 166
Speed and Power Performance of Speed-Optimized Interconnect......Page 169
System Limits......Page 170
Architectures......Page 172
Functions......Page 175
Clock Distribution Networks......Page 176
Physical Partitioning......Page 180
Free-Space Optical Interconnect......Page 184
Alignment in Integrated Optical Circuits......Page 188
Conclusions......Page 189
Index......Page 191
Introduction......Page 193
Mechanisms of Silicon Light Emission......Page 195
Bulk Silicon LEDs......Page 198
Silicon Quantum Dot LEDs......Page 200
SiGe LEDs......Page 205
Erbium-doped Silicon LEDs......Page 206
Prospects for a Silicon-based Laser......Page 209
References......Page 211
Index......Page 215
Introduction......Page 216
Spontaneous Raman Emission......Page 218
Stimulated Raman Scattering......Page 221
Coupled-Mode Theory Analysis of Raman Scattering......Page 224
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) in Silicon......Page 226
Coupled-Mode Analysis of CARS in Silicon Waveguides......Page 227
Parametric Wavelength Converter......Page 229
Phase Matching by Dispersion Engineering  in Silicon Waveguides......Page 233
Spontaneous Raman Scattering Observed  in Silicon Waveguides......Page 237
Third-order Optical Nonlinearitiesin Silicon Waveguides......Page 241
Observation of Stimulated Raman Scatteringin Silicon Waveguides......Page 242
Two-Photon Absorption in Silicon Waveguides......Page 245
Demonstration of Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) in Silicon Waveguides......Page 247
Demonstration of Parametric Raman Wavelength Conversion in Silicon......Page 249
Summary......Page 251
References......Page 252
Index......Page 256
Photodetectors in Bipolar Technology......Page 257
Photodetectors in CMOS Technology......Page 258
Photodetectors in BiCMOS Technology......Page 259
Lateral PIN Photodiodes on SOI......Page 261
Double Photodiode......Page 262
Vertical PIN Photodiode......Page 263
Finger Photodiode......Page 265
OS-OEICS for DVD Applications......Page 270
Fiber Receivers......Page 278
Conclusion......Page 283
References......Page 284
Index......Page 287
Introduction......Page 288
Background......Page 289
Modes of the SOI Waveguide......Page 290
Design of Curved Waveguides......Page 291
Waveguide Birefringence Control......Page 294
Scattering Losses......Page 296
Interfacing Silicon Waveguidesto Single Mode Fibres......Page 298
Function......Page 303
PDF Control......Page 304
Example Results......Page 305
Thermooptic Effect......Page 306
Free Carrier Effects......Page 307
Pin Diode Attenuator......Page 308
References......Page 311
Index......Page 314
Introduction......Page 315
Theory of Photonic Crystals......Page 319
Maxwell\'s Equations in Periodic Dielectric Media......Page 320
Numerical Approaches to Find the Field Distributions......Page 321
Symmetry, Scaling and Defects......Page 322
Photonic Crystals Based on Silicon......Page 324
Silicon-Based Photonic Crystals -- An Overview......Page 325
Photonic Crystals Based on Macroporous Silicon......Page 326
Bulk 2-Dimensional Photonic Crystals......Page 328
Defects in 2-Dimensional Photonic Crystals......Page 334
Bulk 3-Dimensional Photonic Crystals......Page 336
Defects in 3-Dimensional Photonic Crystals......Page 339
Conclusion and Outlook......Page 340
References......Page 341
Index......Page 343
Introduction......Page 344
Planar Waveguide WDM Components......Page 345
Arrayed Waveguide Grating Demultiplexer......Page 346
Echelle Grating Demultiplexer......Page 348
Silica Glass Waveguides on Silicon......Page 351
Silica Glass Waveguide Growth......Page 352
Losses in Silica Waveguides......Page 354
Polarization Dependent Properties  of Silica Glass Waveguides......Page 355
Silicon-On-Insulator Waveguides......Page 364
Mode Control in SOI Waveguides......Page 365
Losses in SOI Waveguides......Page 368
Polarization Dependent Properties  of SOI Waveguide Devices......Page 370
Summary......Page 376
References......Page 377
Index......Page 382
Introduction......Page 383
Field and Charge-Carrier Effect......Page 384
Electric Field Effects......Page 385
Charge-Carrier Effect......Page 386
Drude\'s Model......Page 389
Thermo-optic Effect in Crystalline Silicon......Page 390
Free-Carrier Absorption Based Modulators......Page 394
Electrical Driving Schemes......Page 398
All-Silicon Modulators......Page 400
Silicon-On-Insulator Modulators......Page 405
References......Page 410
Index......Page 414