Sika Deer: Biology and Management of Native and Introduced Populations

Front Matter....Pages i-xx
Introduction....Pages 1-8
Fossil Record of Sika Deer in Japan....Pages 11-25
Two Genetically Distinct Lineages of the Japanese Sika Deer Based on Mitochondrial Control Regions....Pages 27-41
Evolutionary Significance of Admixture and Fragmentation of Sika Deer Populations in Japan....Pages 43-59
Nutritional Physiology of Wild and Domesticated Japanese Sika Deer....Pages 61-82
Endocrinology of Sika Deer....Pages 83-99
Reproduction of Female Sika Deer in Japan, with Special Reference to Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan....Pages 101-110
Food Habits of Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan with Reference to Local Variations, Size Effects, and Comparison with the Main Island....Pages 113-123
Plants and Plant Communities on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan, in Relation to Sika Deer Herbivory....Pages 125-143
Productivity and Foraging Efficiency of the Short-Grass ( Zoysia japonica ) Community for Sika Deer....Pages 145-157
Home Range, Habitat Selection, and Food Habits of the Sika Deer Using the Short-Grass Community on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan....Pages 159-170
Shift to Litterfall as Year-Round Forage for Sika Deer after a Population Crash....Pages 171-180
The Dynamics of Forest Stands Affected by Sika Deer on Nakanoshima Island—Change of Size Structure Similar to the Thinning Effect....Pages 181-191
Biology of Sika Deer in Hyogo: Characteristics of Reproduction, Food Habits, Growth, and Condition....Pages 193-205
Bark-Stripping Preference of Sika Deer and Its Seasonality on Mt. Ohdaigahara, Central Japan....Pages 207-216
North-South Variations in Sika Deer Ecology as a Forest-Dwelling Cervid....Pages 217-230
Geographical Variations in Food Habits of Sika Deer: The Northern Grazer vs. the Southern Browser....Pages 231-237
What Is “Natural” Vegetation? A Reconsideration of Herbivory by Wild Ungulates....Pages 239-247
Seasonal Migration of Sika Deer on Hokkaido Island, Japan....Pages 251-272
Migratory and Sedentary Behavior Patterns of Sika Deer in Honshu and Kyushu, Japan....Pages 273-283
Variation in Mating Behavior of Sika Deer: Mating Behavior of Sika Deer on Nozaki Island....Pages 285-296
Reproductive Ecology of Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan: Reproductive Success of Males and Multi-Mating of Females....Pages 297-317
Life-Time Reproductive Success of Female Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan....Pages 319-326
Reproduction of Female Sika Deer in Western Japan....Pages 327-350
Sika Deer in Nara Park: Unique Human-Wildlife Relations....Pages 347-363
A 20-Year History of Sika Deer Management in the Mt. Goyo Area, Northern Honshu....Pages 365-373
Survival Patterns of Male and Female Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan....Pages 375-384
Sika Deer in an Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest Zone on the Boso Peninsula, Japan....Pages 385-404
Sika Deer Population Irruptions and Their Management on Hokkaido Island, Japan....Pages 405-419
Irruptive Behavior of Sika Deer....Pages 421-435
The Management of Sika Deer Populations in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan....Pages 437-452
Management Strategy of Sika Deer Based on Sensitivity Analysis....Pages 453-472
Sika Deer in Russia....Pages 475-499
Sika Deer Distribution Changes at the Northern Extent of Their Range in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains of the Russian Far East....Pages 501-519
Sika Deer in Mainland China....Pages 521-539
Sika Deer in Korea and Vietnam....Pages 541-548
Sika Deer in Taiwan....Pages 549-560
The Present Status of the Re-introduced Sika Deer in Kenting National Park, Southern Taiwan....Pages 561-570
Sika Deer in Continental Europe....Pages 573-594
Sika Deer in the British Isles....Pages 595-614
Free–Ranging and Confined Sika Deer in North America: Current Status, Biology, and Management....Pages 615-641
The Sika in New Zealand....Pages 643-656
Color Plates....Pages 667-675
Back Matter....Pages 657-666