Signals, Machines and Automation. Select Proceedings of SIGMA 2022

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Power System Technologies
Investigating the Application of Ethereum Smart Contracts in Energy Exchanges
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Energy Ecosystem
	3 Smart Contract Creation
		3.1 Agreement Modelling
		3.2 Smart Contract Definition
	4 Smart Contract Deployment
	5 Smart Contract Interaction
	6 Conclusion
	References
Feasibility Analysis of V2G Operation in India and Cost Minimization for EV Car Parks Using Firefly Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Development of the Model for Feasibility Analysis of V2G Operation in India
		3.1 Component Information
		3.2 Simulation Model
		3.3 Feasibility Analysis Objectives
	4 Mathematical Model for Cost Minimization of V2G Enabled EV Charging in a Car Park
	5 Firefly Algorithm
	6 Optimization Implementation Procedure of the Proposed System
	7 Results
		7.1 Feasibility Analysis of the Proposed System Using HOMER Pro Software
		7.2 Cost Optimization Results Using MATLAB/Simulink Software
	8 Conclusion
	References
Piezoelectric Sensors for the Conversion of Noise Pollution into Electricity
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Impact of Noise Pollution on Human Health
		1.2 Potential of Noise Pollution
	2 Piezoelectric Sensor for Noise Pollution Energy Converter
	3 Role of Resonator as Pre-amplifier
	4 Noise/Sound to Electric Energy Conversion
	5 Practical Model of Noise Pollution Energy Converter
	6 Conclusion
	References
Implementation of Single-Phase Cascaded Seven-Level Inverter with Non-isolated Converter
	1 Introduction
	2 Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) MLI
		2.1 Cascaded Seven-Level Inverter
		2.2 Projected Seven-Level Cascaded H-Bridge MLI
	3 Modes of the Process of the Designed Technique
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Proposed Arrangement Simulation Results
		4.2 Proposed Arrangement PROTEUS Setup
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Adaptive and Efficient VSC-MTDC Controller for DC Voltage Regulation and Frequency Stability in AC Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Dual-Droop Control for Multi-terminal HVDC Grid
	3 Proposed Dual-Droop Control Strategy
	4 Simulations and Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Planning of Load Frequency Control in Two Degrees of Freedom PID Controller Using MFO Technique in 2 Area Power System
	1 Introduction
	2 System Understudy
	3 2-DOF and PID Controller
	4 Moth Flow Algorithm
	5 Simulation Result
	6 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of Cost and Sensitivity Analysis of a Standalone Microgrid
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Scheme
		2.1 Determination of Daily Load Profile
		2.2 Metrological Data
		2.3 Schematic Model Diagram
		2.4 Problem Description
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Cost and Sensitivity Analysis
		3.2 Economic Analysis
		3.3 Time Series Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Analysis and Mitigation of Hall Sensor Glitch Effects in Brushless DC Motor Based E-Vehicle Controller
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Experimental Setup and Signal Analysis
	4 Comparative Analysis and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Radial Basis Function Neural Network with Wavelet Transform for Fault Detection in Transmission Line
	1 Introduction
	2 Wavelet-Based Transmission Line Fault Detection
	3 Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN)
	4 Experiment and Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study of DVR Controller for Mitigation of Three-Phase System Short Duration Fault
	1 Introduction
	2 DVR System Modelling
		2.1 DVR Components
		2.2 DVR Operation
		2.3 DVR Performance Calculation
		2.4 System Modeling Parameters
	3 Artificial Neural Network-Based Controller
		3.1 Controlling Scheme
		3.2 Mathematical Control Technique of DVR
	4 Simulation and Result
		4.1 Analysis and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Annual Cost and Power Loss Minimization in a Radial Distribution Network by Capacitor Allocation
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Constraints
	3 Imperialist Competitive Algorithm
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 IEEE 33-Bus System
	5 Conclusion
	References
Automated Signal Monitoring of LT8228 Buck–Boost Converter
	1 Introduction
	2 Working of Bidirectional DC–DC Converter
	3 Hardware Setup Description
	4 Software Requirements
	5 Experimental Result
	6 Conclusion
	References
Energy Management System of Standalone DC Microgrid
	1 Introduction
	2 DC MG Structure
		2.1 PV System
		2.2 Battery System
	3 Proposed Energy Management Strategy
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
State Estimation in Active Power Distribution Systems Using Phasor Measurement Units
	1 Introduction
	2 PMU Modeling
	3 State Estimation Model
	4 Simulation Model
	5 Simulation Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Online Estimation of Voltage Stability Margin Using PMU Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Voltage Collapse Indicators
		2.1 AC State Estimation Model
	3 Voltage Stability Index
		3.1 Proposed Methodology
		3.2 Flowchart
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Two-Bus System
		4.2 IEEE 14-Bus System
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design and Implementation the Active Clamp Forward Converter for Electric Vehicles Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Circuit Description and Analysis
	3 Procedure for Designing Active Clamp Forward Converter
	4 Simulation Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Renewable Energy Technologies
A Comparative Study on Metaheuristic-Based Reconfiguration Strategies for Non-uniformly Shaded PV Array
	1 Introduction
	2 System Description
		2.1 Modeling of PV Cell
		2.2 TCT Configured PV Array
	3 Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms
		3.1 Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA)
		3.2 Particle Swarm Optimization
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Modeling and Analysis of Wind-Driven PMSG for Healthy and Unhealthy Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of Wind Turbine
	3 Modeling of PMSG
	4 Performance Assessment with Balanced and Unbalanced Condition
	5 Conclusions
	References
Performance Analysis of Fuzzy Logic-Based MPPT Controller
	1 Introduction
	2 PV System Modeling
		2.1 PV Cell
		2.2 DC–DC Converter
	3 MPPT Algorithm
		3.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O)
		3.2 Incremental Conductance (INC)
		3.3 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC)
	4 Simulations and Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimum Power Tracking of DFIG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System
	1 Introduction
	2 Wind Turbine Modeling
	3 Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques
		3.1 Indirect MPPT Technique
		3.2 Optimal Torque Control Method
	4 Control of DFIG Based WECS
		4.1 Design of Battery Storage System
		4.2 Design and Control of RSC
		4.3 Design and Control of GSC
		4.4 PI Controller Design
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
To Design an Optimal PV/Diesel/Battery Hybrid Energy System for Havelock Island in India
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Havelock Island
		2.1 Havelock Profile
		2.2 Consumption Estimation of Demand Projection for Domestic Consumers
	3 Exquisite Hybrid Representation of Havelock Island
		3.1 About HOMER
		3.2 Details of Havelock Island
		3.3 Load Profile of Havelock Island
	4 Architectonics Structure Representation of Havelock Island
	5 Results Obtained for the Suggested Model at Havelock Island
		5.1 Stimulated and Computed Outcome
		5.2 Net Present Cost (NPC)
	6 Emission Due to Distinct Contaminating Particles at Havelock Island
	7 Comparative Analysis of Diesel-Only System and Optimal Hybrid System
	8 Conclusions
	References
To Design an Optimal Hybrid Energy System for Agatti Island in India
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Agatti Island
		2.1 Agatti Profile
		2.2 Consumption Estimation of Demand Projection for Domestic Consumers
		2.3 About HOMER
		2.4 Load Profile of Agatti Island
	3 Architectonics Structure Representation of Agatti Island
	4 Results Obtained for the Suggested MODEL at Agatti Island
		4.1 Stimulated and Computed Outcome
		4.2 Net Present Cost (NPC)
	5 Emission of the Diesel-Only System and Optimal Hybrid System at Agatti Island
	6 Comparative Analysis of Diesel-Only System and Optimal Hybrid System
	7 Conclusions
	References
Access to Solar Energy for Livelihood Security in Odisha, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Solar PV System Components
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Grid-Connected Fuel Cell with Upgraded Voltage Profile
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modelling
		2.1 Modelling of PEMFC
		2.2 Modelling of Boost Converter
	3 Control Structure
		3.1 PID Controller
		3.2 Seven-Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
		3.3 Whale Optimization Algorithm
	4 MATLAB/Simulink Model
	5 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Performance Analysis and Comparison of a Solar Tree with Stand-Alone System
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of Solar Tree
		2.1 Solar Tree Stem and Branches
		2.2 Stand-Alone System
	3 Modeling of Solar PV Panel
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Comparative Analysis of Series–Parallel and Bridge Link Configurations Under Various Partial Shading Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modeling
	3 Simulation Modeling and Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Advanced Control Technologies
Necessary and Sufficient Delay-Independent Stability Conditions for Commensurate Time Delay Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
	3 Preliminaries
	4 Algebraic Necessary and Sufficient Delay-Independent Stability Conditions
	5 Numerical Example and Discussion
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Control of Triple Inverted Pendulum System
	1 Introduction
	2 Nonlinear Dynamical Equations of Triple Inverted Pendulum
	3 PID-Based ANFIS Control of Triple Inverted Pendulum
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Adaptive Control of DC Microgrid Using EMS and Meterological Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Scope of Work
	3 Coding for Optimal Scheduling
		3.1 Logic
		3.2 Flow Chart of Proposed Work
		3.3 Explanation
	4 Output and Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Model Order Reduction of Linear Interval System by Using Firefly Algorithm and Extension of Differentiation Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Methodologies
		2.1 The Method for Obtaining Reduced-Order Denominator Polynomials D1 (s) from the Denominator of the Original “Interval Transfer Function” Model Y(s)
		2.2 Procedure to Achieve Reduced-Order Numerator Polynomial N1 ( s ) Using Firefly Optimization Algorithm
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Optimum LQR Controller for Inverted Pendulum Using Whale Optimization Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modelling of Inverted Pendulum
	3 Controller Design
	4 Optimisation of Controller
		4.1 Genetic Algorithm
		4.2 Whale Optimization Algorithm
	5 Simulation and Results
		5.1 Uncertainty Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Indirect Adaptive Control of Nonlinear System Using Recurrent Neural Network
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Contributions and Novelties of the Paper
	2 Overview of LRNNIFT
		2.1 Indirect Adaptive Control of a Time-Delayed Nonlinear System
	3 Simulation Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
Solar Fed Speed Control of Water Pumping System Using Constant Voltage Controlled MPPT Technique and PI Controller
	1 Introduction
	2 System Modeling
		2.1 Design of PV Array
		2.2 Constant Voltage Controlled MPPT Algorithm
		2.3 Separately Excited DC Motor
	3 Simulation Result
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Intelligent MPPT Technique for a Three-Stage Battery Charge Controller for Standalone System
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Solar PV System
		2.2 Buck Converter
		2.3 MPPT Algorithm–Fuzzy Logic Controller
		2.4 MPPT Algorithm–Perturb and Observe
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Performance of the Solar PV Panel
		3.2 Performance of the Lead/Acid Battery
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance Analysis of BLDC Motor Drive Using Various Speed Controller
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modeling of BLDC Motor
	3 Speed Controlling Methods
		3.1 PI Controller
		3.2 PID Controller
		3.3 Fuzzy Logic Controller
	4 Control of BLDC Motor Drive
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Performance Analysis of BLDCM Drive at Rated Speed
		5.2 Performance Analysis of BLDCM Drive at Step Changes in the Speed
	6 Conclusion
	References
Liquid Level Control of Coupled Tank System Using FOPID Controller
	1 Introduction
	2 Coupled Tank System
	3 Fractional Order PID (FOPID) Controller
	4 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
	5 FOPID Using PSO
	6 Conclusion
	References
Investigation of an Intelligent Control Technique Applied in NPK Model of the AHWR System
	1 Introduction and Literature Studies
	2 Problem Formulation and Plant Modelling
	3 Intelligent Controller Design and Tuning Using GA
	4 Investigation of Trajectory Tracking for Demand Power
	5 Conclusion
	References
Healthcare Technologies
Brain Tumor Recognition and Classification of MRI Images Using a Convolutional Neural Network Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Algorithm
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Data Augmentation
	5 Result
	6 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Biohazard Waste on Human Health
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Types of Biohazard Solid Waste
	4 Collection and Disposal of Biohazard Solid Waste
	5 Treatment by Developed Nation
	6 Future Suggestions
	7 Conclusion
	References
Game-Stress-Tracker: EEG-Based Smart Advisor Bot for Stress Detection During Playing BGMI Game
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Proposed Work
		3.1 Dataset Collection
		3.2 Filtering
		3.3 Feature Extraction
		3.4 Classification
		3.5 Game Rating Calculation
	4 Result
		4.1 EEG Placement and Dataset Collection
		4.2 Brain Map and Telegram Bot
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
An Efficient EMG Denoising Technique Based on the W-NLM Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)-Based Denoising
		2.2 Nonlocal Means (NLM)-Based Denoising
	3 Proposed W-NLM EMG Denoising Method
	4 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
2DOF PID-Based Controller for Chemotherapeutic System
	1 Introduction
	2 Cancer Model
	3 2DOF Proportional Integral Derivative Controller
	4 Validation
		4.1 Step Response Analysis
		4.2 Bode Analysis
		4.3 Parameter Perturbation
		4.4 Disturbance Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Comparative Analysis of CNN Architectures for Classifying Pneumonia Variants and COVID-19 Using CXR Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Experimentation Environment
	4 Research Methodology
		4.1 Data Preprocessing
		4.2 CNN Architectures
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Multi-objective Control-Based Artificial Pancreas for Type-1 Diabetic Patients
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamics of Type-1 Diabetics
	3 Multi-objective Control of AP System Using LMI Technique
	4 Simulation
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Hybrid Ensemble Deep Learning Model for COVID-19 Detection Using CT Scan
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 ResNet50 
		2.2 InceptionV3
		2.3 Hybrid Ensemble Model
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Accuracy
		3.3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Communication and Network Technologies
Integrated Frequency Reconfigurable Elliptical Slot Antenna and Inverted-L Slot MIMO Antenna for 4G and 5G Wireless Handheld Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Antenna Design
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Diversity Performance of Proposed Antenna
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design and Investigation of an Improved FTTH Network for Superior Quality Triple-Play Services
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology and System Design
		2.1 Simulation Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Electronically Tunable Digitally Controlled Current Mode Quadrature Oscillator Using DC-VDTA
	1 Introduction
	2 DC-VDTA
	3 Digital Control Unit (DCU)
	4 Proposed QO
	5 Non-ideal and Sensitivity Analysis
	6 Simulation Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Investigation of 4 × 4 Spatial Multiplexed Transceiver FSO Link Under Strong Turbulence Condition
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed System Model Description
	3 Simulation Parameters and Result Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Current-Mode Full-Wave Rectifier Based on Transconductance-Boosted Bulk-Driven CDTA and Two Diodes
	1 Introduction
	2 Bulk-Driven Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (BDCDTA)
	3 Transconductance-Boosted BDCDTA Approach
	4 Proposed Full-Wave Rectifier Design Based on Transconductance-Boosted BDCDTA
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Effective Coverage Analysis for Wireless Multihop Sensor Network Incorporate Overlapping
	1 Introduction
	2 System Model
		2.1 The Mathematical Expression for Overlap Area
		2.2 Coverage Estimation Using Boolean Sensing Model
	3 Simulation Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance Investigation of Photonic Radar for Autonomous Vehicles’ Application Under Various Degrading Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 System Description
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Enhanced IoT and LoRa-Based Communication System for Underground Mines
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Model System Architecture
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Performance Comparison of Various Optical Amplifiers for DP-QPSK-Based Ultra-Dense WDM System at a Narrow Channel Spacing of 25 GHz
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation Model and Set up
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	References
High-Computing Technologies
Attaining Real-Time for Microscopic Images Using GAN
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Method
		3.1 Data Generation and Tiling Strategy
		3.2 GAN Architecture and Improvements
		3.3 Loss Function and Label Smoothing
		3.4 Training Schedule and Inference Process
		3.5 Image Similarity Measures
	4 Experimental Results
		4.1 Qualitative Results
		4.2 Quantitative Results
		4.3 Evaluation of Running Time for Modified SRGAN
	5 Conclusion
	References
Grey Wolf Optimization-Based PV Array Reconfiguration to Enhance Global Maximum Power Point Under PSCs
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Literature Review
	2 PV Technology and Modeling
		2.1 Conventional SP and TCT Configurations
		2.2 Grey Wolf Optimization-Based PV Array
		2.3 Shading Scenarios
	3 Performance Assessment: Power Loss and Fill Factor
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 I–V and P–V Curves During Shading Cases: I
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Modified Ion-Motion Optimization Algorithm for Optimal Generation Scheduling in Multi-area Power System
	1 Introduction
	2 MA-ELD Issue
		2.1 Cost Function (CF)
		2.2 Constraints
	3 Ion-Motion Optimization (IMO)
	4 Modified IMO (MIMO)
	5 Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusions
	References
Using GPU and TPU Hardware Accelerators to Develop a Cloud-Based Genetic Algorithm System
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 The Proposed Methodology
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Pattern Recognition of Human Fingerprint Utilizing an Efficient Artificial Intelligence Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Fingerprint Recognition System Utilizing Neural Network
	3 The Proposed Model
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Systematic Review of Human Fall Detection Algorithms Using Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Approaches and Method in Human Fall Detection
		2.1 Threshold-Based Human Fall Detection Approaches
		2.2 Machine Learning-Based Human Fall Detection Approaches
	3 Obstacles Approaching in Non-machine Learning System’s
	4 New Emerging Trends and the Research Findings of Fall Detection System’s
		4.1 Trends
		4.2 Research Findings
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Convolutional Neural Network to Predict Soil Texture Classes
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Image Acquisition
	3 CNN for Soil Texture Classification and Result Discussion
	References
Customer Churn Analysis of a Financial Firm
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Preprocessing
	3 Data Modeling
		3.1 Model Building
		3.2 Assessing the Model
	4 Data Visualization
	5 Conclusion
	References
Consistency Assessment of OpenStreetMap Road Dataset of Haryana and Punjab Using K-means and Elbow Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Objective and Contribution
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Selection and Collection
		3.2 Quality Assessment
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Performance Evaluation of Time Series Analysis on the Dataset of Airline Passengers: An Exploratory Data Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Execution Requirements
	3 Application of Time Series Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Vehicle Classification for Autonomous Vehicles Using Transfer Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology and Experimental Results
	4 Conclusions and Future Research Direction
	References
Self-attention-based Human Activity Detection Using Wearable Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Scheme
		3.1 Embedding Layer
		3.2 Encoder (LSTM)
		3.3 Attention Layer
		3.4 Softmax (SM)
		3.5 Learning Mechanism
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Solar Irradiation Prediction Using Neural Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Location and Parameter of Study
	3 Methods
		3.1 Feedforward Artificial Neural Network
		3.2 Autoregressive
	4 Results
		4.1 Using Feedforward ANN
		4.2 Using RNN
		4.3 Using Autoregressive
		4.4 Model Comparison
	5 Conclusion
	References
Experimenting Transfer Learning and Machine Learning on Endoscopy Database with Augmentation
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Studies
	3 Problem Formulation and Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimal Planning of EV Charging Infrastructure in Distribution System
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
	3 Methodology
	4 Charging Infrastructure Designing
	5 Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Perception-preserving Color Ocular-image Enhancement Through Multi-scale and Multiresolution Features
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Algorithm
		2.1 RGB to LAB Space Transformation of the Input Image
		2.2 Sub-band Coding of Luminance Component L∗ Using UDWT
		2.3 Re-map Detail Coefficients Using Local–global Statistics
		2.4 MMF on Modified Coefficients Followed by Reconstruction
	3 Experimental Results
	4 Conclusion
	References