Sialic Acids and Sialoglycoconjugates in the Biology of Life, Health and Disease

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SIALIC ACIDS AND
SIALOGLYCOCONJUGATES
IN THE BIOLOGY OF LIFE,
HEALTH AND DISEASE
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1
Sialic acid and biology of life: An introduction
	Introduction
	Occurrence and function
		Functions of sialic acid
	Structure diversity of sialic acids
		O -acetylated sialic acid
			Enzymes in O -acetylated sialic acid metabolism
			Functions of O- acetylated sialic acids
		N -acetylation of sialic acids
		Other modifications of sialic acids
	Sialic acid and the living world
		Sialic acid and bacteria
			Bacterial sialylation and host immune system
		Archaea
		Virus
		Fungi
		Plants
		Invertebrates
			Protozoa
			Cnidarians
			Helminths
			Annedida
			Arthropoda
			Mollusca
			Echinoderms
			Vertebrates
				Sialic acid-binding protein
				Siglecs
				Sialic acid-binding lectins
				Selectins
			Sialylation and disease
			Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens
			Sialic acids and therapeutics: Where we stand
				Therapeutic antibodies
				Carbohydrate-based vaccines
	Discussions
	References
	Further reading
2
Sialoglycans and genetically engineered plants
	Introduction
	N -glycosylation in plants
	Sialylation and recombinant proteins produced in plants
	Fc glycoengineering in plants
	Applications
	Mucin type O -glycans and plant expression
	Introducing helminth glycosylation into plants
	Detection
	Discussion
	References
	Further reading
3
Sialic acid, sialoglycans, sialylation: A study in insects
	Introduction
		Insect physiology and development
		Insects as vectors of human and animal diseases
			N -Glycosylation: A comparison between mammals and insects
			Sialic acids and insects
			Sialylation in Drosophila
			Sialylation and Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9)
			Sialylation and Ae. aegypti
			Sialylation and silkworms
			Ticks
		Function of sialylation in insects
		Genetic engineering approaches and sialylation
	Discussion
	References
	Further reading
4
Sialoglycoconjugates and their role in physiology
	Introduction
		Nutrition
		Reproduction
		Ion channels
		Nervous system
		Stem cells
		Cardiac function and disorders
		Obesity
		Complement
		Dendritic cells
		Others
	Discussion
	References
5
Pathogens, infectious disease biology and sialic acid
	Introduction
	Bacteria
	Parasitic protozoa
	Virus
	Siglec sialic acid and infection biology
	Prions
	Discussion
	References
	Further reading
6
Sialic acids in autoimmune disorders
	Introduction
	Autoimmunity and tolerance
		T cells
		B cells
		Sialic acid
	Autoimmunity, tolerance, and sialic acid
	Infectious pathogens, sialic acids, and autoimmune diseases
	Immunoglobulins, sialic acids, and autoimmune diseases
	Complements
	Siglecs, HMGB-1, CD24, and autoimmunity
	Neu5Gc and chronic inflammation
	Selectins, sialic acids, and autoimmunity
	Gangliosides and autoimmune diseases
	Sialyltransferases and autoimmunity
	Sialic acid, Glycobiotechnology, and application in autoimmune disorder therapy
	Sialic acids and the therapeutic use of intravenous immunoglobulins
	Discussions
	References
	Further reading
7
Lysosomal storage disease: Disorders related to glycans and sialic acid
	Introduction
	Lysosomes
	Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD)
	LSDs and defective glycan degradation
		Defective glycoprotein degradation
			Human α -mannosidosis
			Human β -mannosidosis
			Fucosidosis
			α -N-Acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency: Schindler disease
			Aspartylglucosaminuria
		Defective glycolipid degradation
			Fabry’s disease
			Gaucher disease
			Tay-Sachs disease
			Defective synthesis and metabolism of gangliosides
			Niemann-Pick C Disease
			Krabbe disease
			Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD)
		Defective degradation of glucosaminoglycan (GAG)
			MPS type IV disease or Morquio syndrome
			The Sanfilippo syndrome, or MPS III
			MPS I
			MPS II or Hunter syndrome
			MPS VI
			MPS VII
			MPS IX
		Sialic acid-related disease
			Salla disease
			Free sialic acid storage disorders (FSASD)
			Infantile sialic acid storage disorder (ISSD)
			Sialidosis
		Glycogen degradation defect diseases
			Pompe’s disease
			Other Glycogen storage disorders
		Other LSDs
			Cobalamin F-type disease
			Cobalamin F-type disease
			Danon’s disease (DD)
		Treatment of LSDs
	Discussions
	References
8
Sialic acids and sialoglycoconjugates in cancer
	Introduction
	Sialic acid and serum sialylation as biomarkers in cancer
	Gangliosides
		Structure and synthesis
	Gangliosides in tumors
	Gangliosides and biotherapies
	Sialic acid-Siglec axis and cancer
	Sialyl Tn in cancer
	Sialylransferase and cancer
	Sialidase as cancer targets
	Selectins
	Discussion
	References
	Further reading
9
Sialic acids and sialoglycans in endocrinal disorders
	Introduction
	Sialylations and endocrines
	Sialylations in endocrinal disorders
		Ovary
		Pancreas
		Diabetes
		Thyroid
		Adrenal cancer
		Pituitary cancer
	Discussions
	References
10
Sialic acid and xenotransplantation
	Introduction
	Xenotransplantation
	Major problem associated with xenotransplantation and ways to circumvent them
		Physiology
		Rejection
		Gal epitope
		Complement
		Thrombin
		Glycosyltransferase transgenes
		Acute humoral xenograft rejection
		Cellular rejection
		Infection
	Sialic acid and xenotransplantation
		Role of Neu5Gc
		Role of α -gal antigen
		Sialoadhesin
		The Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D) antigen
	Xenograft acceptance and strategies based on sialylation
	Animal xenotransplantation models and sialic acid
	Strategies for knockouts
	Sialylation related knockouts and health of donor animals
	Discussion
	References
	Further reading
11
Nanotechnology and sialic acid biology
	Introduction
	Nanotechnology
	Glyconanotechnology
	Sialic acid and nanotechnology
	Glycans and nanotechnology
	Role of nanotechnology in detection and quantitation of sialic acid
		Detection of gangliosides
	Sialic acid in therapy
	Nanotechnology bioimaging application, detection of cellular sialic acid expression and targeting
	Discussion
	References
Glossary
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Z
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