Shreir's Corrosion, Volume 1

cover......Page 1
1.01.1 Scope......Page 2
1.01.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 3
1.01.2.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 4
1.01.2.3 Entropy......Page 5
1.01.2.5 The Chemical Potential......Page 6
1.01.2.7 Gibbs-Duhem Equation......Page 7
1.01.3.1 Reversible Cells......Page 8
1.01.4 Chemical Potentials and Equilibrium......Page 9
1.01.4.1 Sign Convention for Equilibrium emfs and Potentials......Page 13
Abbreviations......Page 14
4.34 Risk Based Inspection......Page 1172
Symbols......Page 15
4.32.1.1 Overview......Page 558
3.17.2 General......Page 457
4.23.1.2 Voltmeters and Potentiometers......Page 2864
4.43.1.2 Conservation: Definitions and Rationale......Page 318
4.31.1.3.1 Life cycle costing......Page 2445
4.36.1.3.6 Data management......Page 2705
4.33.7 Mitigation of Galvanic Compatibility Risks......Page 3101
4.24.4 Anodically Protected Objects......Page 2606
4.15.4.2.3 Laminated tapes......Page 178
4.27.6.3 Problems due to Mineral Scales, Muds, and Sludges in Closed-Loop Water Systems......Page 2535
4.04.4.1 Zinc......Page 2180
3.24.4 Degradation of Carbon and Graphite......Page 25
3.32.5 Ageing in the Oil and Gas Industry......Page 2337
1.02.3.3 Formal Expression of Eeq: the Nernst Law for the Mz^\\bplus/M Couple......Page 26
1.02.3.4 Some More Complex Applications of the Nernst Law......Page 28
1.02.3.5.1 Purely potential-dependent equilibrium......Page 29
1.02.3.5.3 pH and potential-dependent equilibrium......Page 30
1.02.3.6 Pourbaix Diagram of Gold, Iron, and Aluminum......Page 31
1.02.4.1 Qualitative Approach......Page 33
1.02.4.2.1 Activation-controlled systems: Butler-Volmer equation......Page 34
 Small overpotential limit of the Butler-Volmer equation......Page 37
 Large overpotential limit of the Butler-Volmer equation......Page 38
1.02.4.2.2 Mass-transport limited systems: Fick´s law and limiting current density......Page 39
1.02.4.2.3 General case: Mixed controlled systems......Page 40
1.02.5.1 Qualitative Description of the Free Corrosion Scenario......Page 42
1.02.5.2 Electrochemical Kinetics Around the Corrosion Potential......Page 44
1.02.6.1 Design of the Electrochemical Cell......Page 46
 The main reference electrodes......Page 47
 Position of the reference electrode......Page 49
1.02.6.2 Potential Control and Current Control......Page 50
References......Page 51
2.27 Corrosion in Body Fluids......Page 53
Abbreviations......Page 1008
Symbols......Page 2228
3.25.1 Ceramic Materials as Engineering Products......Page 1210
4.06.2 Corrosion Characteristics of Zinc......Page 2046
4.39.4 Inspection Requirements......Page 1327
4.32.1.3 Materials Selection in Mechanical Design......Page 1314
3.18.3.2 High-Purity Be......Page 335
4.40.3.2.1 Coatings and linings......Page 1175
4.41.1.3.2 Corrosion in pipeline systems......Page 899
4.12.3.1 Cathodic Protection......Page 982
References......Page 2079
4.19 Sacrificial Anodes......Page 65
 SI Units......Page 3088
4.24.2 Passivity of Metallic Materials......Page 2884
4.40.3 Materials and Protection Practices for Process Equipment......Page 3092
3.19.1.3 Metallurgy and Alloying......Page 2185
4.38.1.3.1 Corrosion occurring in the absence of an applied stress......Page 68
4.38.1.3.2 Corrosion occurring in the presence of an applied stress......Page 69
4.07.4.1.2 Removal of oxides and corrosion products......Page 585
3.33.3.1.1 Mechanical strength......Page 2415
4.06.5.1 Introduction......Page 1346
4.12.3.2.1 Basic pigments......Page 72
4.37.3.3.4 Surfacers......Page 3146
4.37.3.3.5 Antichip coatings......Page 73
4.43.3.1 Desiccation......Page 2025
3.33.4.2 Rubber Compounding......Page 2327
1.22.5.12 Effects of Heat Flux and Cold Work......Page 520
References......Page 76
3.35 Corrosion of Metal Joints......Page 77
Abbreviations......Page 1420
4.18.1 Historical Background......Page 2771
4.37.2 Corrosion of Automotive Bodywork......Page 861
4.18.2.2 Cathodic Protection......Page 2772
3.09.3.1 Extraction of Magnesium......Page 81
4.43.1.2.2 Preservation goals......Page 2788
3.20.1.4 Corrosion Behavior of Bulk Metallic Glasses......Page 1241
4.36.1.3.4 Awareness of limitations of candidate techniques......Page 141
4.08.3.1.1 Variants of flame spraying......Page 321
4.18.4 Proof of Protection......Page 2777
3.15.2.2 Hydride Formation......Page 87
4.40.5.1 External Corrosion Risks......Page 3238
4.21.2.4 Estimate of Current Required......Page 567
4.18.4.4 Potential Measurements......Page 88
4.12.3.3.3 Water and electrolytes outside the film......Page 1073
4.41.3.2.2 Corrosion risk analysis (CRA)......Page 945
3.31.6 The Chemical Properties of Polymers......Page 1184
 Potential measurement......Page 3159
 Potentiodynamic/cyclic polarization......Page 571
3.15.3.4.2 Alkalis......Page 2107
3.33.5.3 Types of Bond Failure and Possible Remedies......Page 2455
4.34.1.9.5 Accurate likelihood modeling......Page 91
 Current protective treatments......Page 2291
4.34.1.9.7 Realistic consequence modeling......Page 95
4.01.3.3.1 Surface finish......Page 298
4.17.1.26 Flaking (also see Delamination and Adhesion Failure)......Page 96
2.36.4.2.1 Straight-line regression......Page 97
4.43.6.3 Carboxylates......Page 1189
1.03.5 Strengthening Mechanisms in Metals......Page 98
1.10.7.1.3 Improved scale adhesion......Page 99
4.20.7.3 Internal......Page 721
3.01.3.2.3 Pitting and crevice corrosion......Page 101
References......Page 470
sdarticle (5)......Page 102
Glossary......Page 2321
Abbreviations......Page 3150
Symbols......Page 1698
4.37.1 Introduction......Page 2954
4.03.2 Mechanism of Formation of Porous Oxide Coatings......Page 2475
4.32.1.2 Grades of Engineering Materials......Page 136
4.01.2.1.1 Vapor degreasing......Page 2510
3.30.2.1 The Silicates......Page 2058
 Common Suffixes......Page 1387
4.12.3 Mechanisms of Paint Protection......Page 201
3.20.1.4.1 Zr-based bulk metallic glasses......Page 2188
4.25.4 Final Remarks......Page 2353
4.28.4 Boiler Water Treatment......Page 2962
4.20.2.6 Ferrite Anodes......Page 251
4.19.4.3 Alloying Additions......Page 1796
4.05.4.1 Platinum Aluminide Coatings and Bondcoats......Page 2233
4.01.2.5.4 Pickling of alloy steels......Page 670
4.05.4.4 Reactive Element-Modified Aluminide Coatings......Page 2313
4.41.3.2.1 Theoretical calculations......Page 2795
3.06.2.7 Wear and Wear-Corrosion of Cobalt-Base Alloys......Page 1934
4.41.3.2.3 Laboratory testing......Page 2552
4.08.3.9 Thermal Spraying: Periphery Processes......Page 677
4.30.4 Corrosion Management Systems......Page 2193
 Solid metal embrittlement......Page 120
3.30.6.2 Water......Page 999
4.41.4.1.2 Corrosion management philosophy......Page 122
4.34.1.9.8 Intelligent interpretation of inspection findings......Page 123
4.27.11 Modifying Waterside Environments by Appropriate Metal and Alloy Materials Selection......Page 124
3.03.3.7 High Temperature Corrosion......Page 299
4.06.10 Hot Dip Coatings with Applied Organics: Duplex Systems......Page 225
4.20.7 Applications of Impressed-Current Anodes......Page 2147
4.38.2.3.6 Composite materials......Page 3166
1.06.5.4.3 Chromia......Page 130
1.17.4.4.6 Austenitic steels......Page 617
1.06.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 131
References......Page 338
4.13 Temporary Protectives......Page 133
Abbreviations......Page 134
2.11.1 Introduction......Page 888
2.28.2 Structure and Composition of Wood......Page 135
4.30.1.3 Legislative Drivers......Page 1157
4.07.4.1.1 Degreasing......Page 160
4.37.3.3.2 Priming......Page 2203
1.07.6.1 Description of Chromia- and Alumina-Forming Materials......Page 145
4.11.3 Components of Organic Coatings for Corrosion Control......Page 2640
4.20.3.1 Lead Alloys......Page 811
4.41.3.1 Introduction......Page 2551
4.16.4.7 Inspection after Paint Application......Page 1128
4.20.3.4 Lead Dioxide on other Substrates......Page 1249
4.05.5 Mitigating Substrate Alloy Interdiffusion Effects......Page 149
4.27.7.9 White Rust Corrosion......Page 1063
References......Page 1271
sdarticle (8)......Page 154
4.10.2 Methods of Applying Paints and Coatings......Page 2662
Symbols......Page 1009
4.05.2 The Pack Cementation Process......Page 2351
4.15.3 Preparation of Metal Surfaces......Page 2730
4.34.1.3 The Structure of a Risk Management Program......Page 3109
3.35.4.3.1 Weldment design......Page 162
4.32.2.2.5 Performance prediction based on quantitative modeling......Page 285
4.38.2.2.2 Aluminum alloys......Page 2063
4.18.5 Current Requirements......Page 1684
4.40.8 Future Trends in Process Equipment......Page 3249
McCauley, 2004McCauleyR.A.Corrosion of Ceramic and Composite Materials2nd ed.2004CRC PressSheppard, 1986SheppardW.L.Corrosion......Page 892
Glossary......Page 169
4.42 Management of Corrosion of Onshore Pipelines......Page 3293
4.40.1 Industry Scope......Page 1055
Symbols......Page 2669
3.26.1 Introduction......Page 170
4.15.2 Properties Required of Coatings for Steel in Contact with Soil......Page 2196
3.24.1.2 Baked Carbon......Page 1552
2.06.1.3 Grain Boundary Structure and Networks......Page 815
3.29.2.1.2 High-density fireclay......Page 1533
4.31.1.3.2 Selecting the most economic material of construction......Page 177
4.01.2.3 Acidic Cleaners......Page 1208
4.36.1.3.5 Personnel management......Page 781
4.40.6 Mitigation of Corrosion Risks During Operation......Page 1813
4.43.3 Environmental Control of Corrosion: Preventive Conservation......Page 2289
3.35.5 Welding of Specific Materials......Page 1814
3.17.3.2.4 Corrosion of molybdenum alloys......Page 189
4.32.5 Characteristics of Successful Materials Selection for Corrosion Resistance......Page 192
References......Page 2095
sdarticle (9)......Page 196
3.23 Corrosion of Metal Matrix Composites......Page 241
Abbreviations......Page 273
Abbreviations......Page 957
4.41.1 Introduction......Page 3256
4.42.2 Introduction: The Scale of the Corrosion Problem......Page 198
4.22.3 Interference Effects......Page 2858
3.20.1.3 Role of Alloying Elements in Improving Corrosion Resistance......Page 2199
4.15.4.2.2 Pressure-sensitive tapes......Page 442
2.30.2.8 Capacitance......Page 204
4.40.5 Mitigation of Specific Corrosion Risks......Page 2749
3.35.4.3.3 Welding procedure or technique......Page 206
3.24.4.2 Aqueous Environments......Page 208
4.36.1.4.2 Coupons......Page 3156
4.23.5 Field Data Loggers and Survey Equipment......Page 209
4.15.4.4.2 Liquid-applied field joint coatings......Page 2736
4.08.3.8 Liquid Feedstock......Page 2064
4.26.4 Scale Inhibition/Control......Page 2677
4.15.4.4.5 FBE-polypropylene......Page 387
4.24.5.4 AP by Protectors......Page 1321
4.19.9 Cathodic Current Densities for Protecting Steel......Page 217
4.11.4 Coatings Application Methods and Corrosion Protection......Page 2518
3.14.2.7 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion......Page 220
3.07.3.4.1.3 Type III pitting......Page 1958
3.22.14 Russian Studies......Page 2245
4.34.1.12.1 Efficient capture of process or hardware modifications......Page 683
1.10.7.2 Nonmetallic Impurities......Page 231
3.07.3.5 Corrosion in Seawater......Page 232
References......Page 233
4.28.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen Control......Page 2957
4.15.4.1 Liquid-Applied Coatings (Paint)......Page 743
4.43.1.2.4 Ethics......Page 1281
3.07.1.1.7 Aluminum-bronzes......Page 1889
4.43.2.3 Corrosion of Historical and Modern Metals......Page 2050
3.33.4 Rubber Technology and Compounding......Page 255
4.34.1.8.2 Selecting the interval......Page 783
4.40.7 Corrosion Risk Management Costs and Benefits......Page 2592
4.11.3.1.1 Epoxies......Page 1707
3.32.6.3 Using a Semiempirical Corrosion Approach......Page 2406
4.24.5.2.2 Polarization under constant terminal voltage......Page 1330
4.41.3.3 Procurement, Installation, and Operational Practicalities......Page 1349
4.42.4.2.6 Coating condition monitoring: DC methods......Page 266
3.26.6.5 Chemical Attack by Other Agents......Page 924
4.38.2.3.2 Aluminum alloys......Page 3207
Acknowledgments......Page 271
References......Page 430
Outline placeholder......Page 0
Symbols......Page 1254
3.23.2.2 Discontinuous-Reinforced MMCs......Page 277
4.23.1.4 Measurement of Resistivity/Conductivity......Page 1386
4.14.4.1 Underwater Hull......Page 281
3.17.3.1.2 Anodic behavior and passivation......Page 2123
4.40.4 Mitigation of Corrosion Risks by Good Detailed Design, Procurement, and Construction Practices......Page 2417
4.34.1.8.1 Selection of appropriate inspection techniques......Page 286
3.12.3.3 Corrosion in Near-neutral Conditions......Page 1436
 Inorganic inhibitors......Page 2516
1.15.2.4.3 The effect of load and sliding speed - Stellite 6......Page 289
1.12.6.4 Dusting of Low-Alloy Steels......Page 291
2.36.3.2.1 Straight-line regression analysis of weight loss data......Page 1562
3.01.2.4.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction......Page 1710
4.42.4.2.8 Cathodic protection (CP)......Page 294
1.12.7.2 Dusting of Nickel Alloys in the Absence of Oxide Scales......Page 297
1.25.4.1.2 Alloyed aluminide coatings......Page 574
4.41.4.2 Engineering Considerations......Page 2762
4.27.15 Modification of Waterside Environments by Chemical Inhibitors......Page 2317
Bibliography......Page 1736
Abbreviations......Page 305
Abbreviations......Page 2081
4.29.2.2 Scale Removal by Acids......Page 2827
4.42.2.3 Pipeline Safety......Page 2756
4.38.1.3.3 Corrosion arising from poor design and protection......Page 3202
1.13.3.1 Internal Nitridation of Fe- and Ni-Based Superalloys......Page 311
2.39.6.1 General Approach for Calculating Propagation Rates......Page 312
4.15.4.3 Line Pipe Coatings......Page 2674
3.32.3 Accelerated Ageing......Page 314
3.14.1.3.5 Chemical cleaning......Page 1929
References......Page 316
Abbreviations......Page 317
4.01.1 Introduction......Page 1647
4.43.1.1 Cultural Heritage Context......Page 3342
4.31.1.3.3 Deciding among repair, protection, and replacement options......Page 1656
4.24.3.4 Erosion-Corrosion......Page 2654
4.39.6 Other Infrastructure......Page 842
4.28.3.6 Oxygenated Treatment......Page 1328
4.12.3.2.2 Soluble pigments......Page 324
4.21.2.3 Electrical Continuity......Page 2834
3.30.4 High Alumina Cement......Page 2076
3.29.2.1.11 Refractory bricks......Page 326
References......Page 2743
sdarticle (15)......Page 332
Glossary......Page 2284
4.05.1 Introduction......Page 1312
4.21.1.1 Structures that Are Cathodically Protected......Page 2826
4.22.1 The Phenomenon of AC Corrosion......Page 1793
2.06.2 Intergranular Corrosion of Metals and Alloys......Page 817
4.34.1.5.1 Qualitative RBI......Page 1317
4.08.3.1 Flame Spraying......Page 337
4.43.2.2 Corrosion of Archaeological Metals......Page 1318
Glossary......Page 340
4.35 Assessment of Fitness for Service......Page 3024
4.12.1 Introduction......Page 894
1.24.1.1 Functionality of Alumina-Forming Alloys......Page 342
 Fundamental Physical Constants......Page 1174
4.42.3 Pipeline Integrity Management......Page 1812
3.32.2.5 UV and Weathering Degradation......Page 347
4.41.1.3.3 Corrosion in process plant......Page 3112
3.36.4.1 Low Carbon Steel Substrates......Page 353
4.41.1.3.3.1 Corrosion issues......Page 1283
3.08.3.3.3 Magnesium-containing alloys......Page 876
References......Page 530
sdarticle (14)......Page 365
Glossary......Page 366
Symbols......Page 3230
4.09.2 Solidification Microstructures......Page 2649
4.41.1.2 Overview of Oil and Gas Industry Corrosion......Page 1634
2.04.2.2 Characteristic Electrochemical Parameters for Pitting......Page 779
3.35.4.2 Weld Defects......Page 1538
3.15.2 Electrochemistry......Page 376
3.33.4.1 Mastication and Mixing......Page 1329
4.32.2.3 Evaluating Corrosion Risks in Materials Selection......Page 2506
2.39.10.2 Low Pressure Steam Turbines......Page 383
 Polyester resin......Page 388
3.31.6.2.2 Crystalline nonpolar polymers and amorphous solvents......Page 2240
4.38.2.3 Protective Treatments......Page 853
4.07.6.7.2 Electrolyte effects......Page 2621
1.15.3.1.3 Effects of load......Page 392
4.26.5.1 Bacteria Monitoring Techniques/Serial Dilution......Page 393
2.36.4.2.3 Bayesian methods......Page 394
4.24.7.2 Other Inorganic Acids......Page 2069
2.36.4.3.2 Life prediction models transformable to linearity......Page 621
3.30.7.2.4 Chloride ion diffusion......Page 2361
3.30.7.2.3 Carbonation......Page 1298
4.27.20 Conclusion......Page 1715
4.21.4.6 Power Sources for Cathodic Protection......Page 405
3.04.7 Property Relationships for Stainless Steels......Page 1823
1.15.3.4.3 Other atmospheres......Page 407
1.15.3.5.1 Preoxidation......Page 408
1.15.3.5.3 Ion implantation......Page 409
1.15.4.2 Microscale Studies of `Glaze´ Formation......Page 410
1.15.4.3 Third Body Interaction in Relation to Compact Oxide Formation......Page 411
1.15.4.4 Nanoscale Investigations of `Glaze´ Formation......Page 413
1.15.4.4.1 Wear data......Page 415
 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)......Page 417
1.15.4.4.3 Nano-scale microscopy of `glazed´ layers formed during high temperature sliding wear at 750C......Page 421
1.15.5.1 Introduction......Page 423
1.15.5.2 Work by Lim......Page 426
1.15.5.3 Dissimilar Interfaces......Page 427
sdarticle (19)......Page 433
4.28 Boiler and Feedwater Treatment......Page 734
3.32.2.1 Physical Ageing and Time-Dependent Effects......Page 1530
4.34.1.4 The Role of RBI in Asset Integrity Management......Page 3078
3.17.2.4 Fabrication......Page 439
4.28.3.4 Flow Accelerated Corrosion......Page 441
4.07.5.1 Mechanical Pretreatments......Page 1340
4.31.2 Costs of Corrosion in Specific Sectors/Economies......Page 444
4.34.1.7.1 API 580 and 581......Page 445
3.31.4.1.4 Crystalline thermoplastics......Page 447
4.30.3.2 Corrosion Risk Assessment Processes......Page 2835
4.27.7.2 Oxygen Pitting Corrosion......Page 1319
4.42.4.2.2 Types of pipeline coatings......Page 705
Abbreviations......Page 456
4.23.1 Introduction and Historical Background......Page 1529
4.42.2.2 Causes of Pipeline Failures......Page 3296
3.23.3 MMC Applications......Page 1794
4.43.2 Corrosion......Page 2341
3.22.5.2 Active-Passive State......Page 661
sdarticle (18)......Page 473
4.17 Paint and Coating Failures and Defects......Page 2753
4.14.1 Introduction and Overview of the Marine Industry......Page 2340
4.33.6 Mitigation of Risks Arising from Geography/Shape......Page 2016
3.33.2.3 Classification in Accordance with International Organization for Standardization......Page 2413
4.20.2.4.1 Iron-silicon alloys......Page 481
4.24.4.1 The Basic Requirements for Protected Equipments......Page 483
3.05.3.5.3 Alloy C-4......Page 488
3.09.4.3 Joining Technologies......Page 2026
2.39.10.1 Cracking in Nuclear Reactors......Page 1685
2.32.5 Specimen Preparation Techniques......Page 501
4.27.7.6 Erosion Corrosion or Impingement Corrosion......Page 3001
References......Page 2320
4.43.1 Introduction to Conservation of Metals......Page 509
4.33 Mitigation of Corrosion Risks by Design......Page 1194
2.04.2.1 Pitting Morphologies......Page 515
4.42.4 External Pipeline Corrosion Risks......Page 2534
4.40.3.2.3 Electrochemical protection......Page 517
4.23.4 Other Equipment......Page 636
4.38.2.2 Materials Selection......Page 518
4.23.4.2 Ancillary Instruments......Page 2872
4.28.4.4 All Polymer Treatment......Page 1284
1.22.5.10 Boron......Page 519
4.36.1.4.3 Electrical resistance (ER)......Page 763
3.33.5.1 Bonding of Rubber to Metal......Page 521
2.09.9 More Comments on Hydrogen Embrittlement as a Mechanism of SCC......Page 919
4.08.3.8.2 Laser-hybrid techniques......Page 2643
1.22.8.1 Steam......Page 523
4.19.10.1 Calculating the Weight and Number of Individual Anodes......Page 1309
3.23.4.4 Secondary Effects......Page 529
Symbols......Page 534
Abbreviations......Page 2636
4.38.1.1 Introduction......Page 3199
3.28.2.1 Cast Iron......Page 1408
4.39.4.1 Inspection Methods......Page 2477
4.41.1.3.1.1 Corrosion issues......Page 3258
4.07.6 Plating Processes......Page 542
1.23.3.3.1 Ni-Cr alloys......Page 543
3.03.3 Maraging Steels......Page 544
3.33.4.2 Rubber Compounding......Page 2450
4.43.3.1.2 Practical humidity control......Page 2117
4.07.6.6 Corrosion of the Cathode......Page 548
sdarticle (24)......Page 557
Glossary......Page 2045
Abbreviations......Page 1741
2.21.3 Stainless Steels......Page 889
 Standard Temperature and Pressure......Page 3376
4.25.3.1 Corrosion Inhibition in Aqueous Acidic Solutions......Page 1887
4.13.2.5 Special Materials......Page 2049
4.41.1.3.2.1 Corrosion issues......Page 635
3.28.3.3 Chemical Resistance......Page 2177
1.25.2.1.3 Effect of alloying additions......Page 566
References......Page 3147
4.14.4.6.3 Vessel interiors......Page 1749
4.36.1.4.4 Electrochemical techniques......Page 1320
4.43.4.4 Electrolytic Techniques......Page 2328
3.17.4.2 Fused Materials......Page 599
2.09.11.2 Adsorption-Induced Dislocation Emission......Page 573
2.32.6.2 Infrared Microscopy......Page 1441
2.34.4.1 Techniques......Page 1464
4.21.3.3 Other Anodes for Reinforced Concrete Applications......Page 2487
 Low-integrity diffusion bonds......Page 646
References......Page 2282
Abbreviations......Page 579
Nomenclature......Page 580
4.40.3.2 Protection Practices......Page 3235
3.36.4 Adhesively Bonded Substrate Materials......Page 2060
4.42.4.1.5 AC corrosion......Page 943
Nomenclature......Page 589
4.30.3.2.2 Matrix analysis......Page 3048
4.34.1.9 Key Success Factors for RBI......Page 2937
4.42.4.2.4 Coating failure......Page 3307
4.06.6.3 Degreasing and Pickling......Page 1440
3.13.3.7.1 Behavior of the ZA alloys in aerated water from pH 2.0 to 13.0......Page 2093
1.17.4.3.4 Breakaway oxidation mechanisms of FeCr alloys in water vapor......Page 602
3.33.6 Oxidation of Rubber......Page 716
1.17.4.4.1 General remarks......Page 603
 Empirically based models of synergy......Page 605
4.11.6.1 Principle Objectives of Formulation - Coatings Design......Page 1351
1.17.4.4.4 Long-term behavior......Page 608
3.01.3.2.2 Concentration cell corrosion: Differential aeration......Page 1713
4.41.5.1 QA and Quality Control......Page 3278
1.17.4.5.2 Metastable alumina......Page 623
3.33.12.3.1 Mechanism of antiozonant action......Page 624
References......Page 626
sdarticle (25)......Page 629
Abbreviations......Page 630
4.28.2 Make up Water Treatment......Page 2955
4.03.3 Properties of Coatings......Page 2533
4.20.2.2 Cast Iron......Page 634
3.33.3.1.2 Oxidation and ozone resistance......Page 1019
4.38.2 Corrosion Management During Manufacture......Page 3203
4.07.6.2 Aqueous Electrolytes......Page 2024
4.05.4 Modified Aluminide Coatings......Page 782
4.15.4.3.4 Polyolefin coatings......Page 2735
3.09.5 Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys......Page 2028
4.17.1.16 Cobwebbing......Page 2343
4.42.4.2.5 Coating condition monitoring......Page 3308
4.17.1.19 Crowsfooting (also see Wrinkling)......Page 642
4.19.8 Area of Steel Requiring Protection and Coating Considerations......Page 2798
3.23.4.3 Chemical Degradation in MMCs......Page 2276
2.36.3.3.1 Two-stage modeling of crack growth......Page 643
4.17.1.23 Erosion......Page 2383
4.19.10.3 Anode Output......Page 645
4.42.5.1.2 Effect of flow rate......Page 647
 Glasses......Page 2298
1.26.15.2 Steel/MgO......Page 648
3.21.6.3 Dental and Medical Applications......Page 649
References......Page 3219
sdarticle (23)......Page 652
4.08 Sprayed Coatings......Page 2208
Symbols......Page 653
4.36.1.3 Making a Case for Corrosion Monitoring......Page 1203
1.24.2.1 M-Al Alloys......Page 658
2.22.6 Nonmetallic Materials......Page 1226
4.38.2.2.3 High strength steels......Page 2270
3.33.5 Rubber-to-Metal Bonding - Engineering and Automotive Applications......Page 1348
3.11.3.2 Water......Page 1134
 Stress corrosion cracking......Page 1308
3.14.2.5.2 Crevice corrosion......Page 2142
3.29.3 Chemically Resistant Membranes......Page 1463
4.26.4.2 Scale Predictions......Page 2940
4.27.10 Modifying Water by Selective Use of Standard Pretreatment Processes......Page 2898
4.36.1.4.8 Hydrogen......Page 1711
4.42.4.2.13 CP shielding......Page 3312
4.38.2.3.3 Steels......Page 2278
2.34.5.2 Applications......Page 684
4.26.6.1 Inhibition Risks and Mitigation by Monitoring......Page 685
3.08.5.4.1 Stress-corrosion cracking......Page 1996
Acknowledgments......Page 686
1.27 High Temperature Coatings: Protection and Breakdown......Page 692
2.33.3.2.2 Growth and structure of passive films......Page 1114
4.20.3.2 Lead/Platinum Bielectrodes......Page 703
4.04.4.9 Precious Metals......Page 2315
4.20.4.3 Conductive Polymers......Page 2593
4.04.5.1 Galvanic Coupling......Page 1988
2.18.12 Zinc......Page 711
4.24.6.1 Cathodes......Page 2895
4.11.3.3 Additives: Surfactants, Rheological Control Agents, Flow Agents, Defoamers, Wetting Agents, Dispersants, etc.......Page 2678
3.30.7.1 Cracking......Page 717
3.33.8 Heat Aging Resistance......Page 2460
1.27.5.4.3 Roughness of the BC surface......Page 719
3.08.5.2 Effects of Microstructure on Corrosion......Page 1046
References......Page 1192
ax......Page 726
ax......Page 727
2.01.1 Thermodynamics......Page 728
2.01.2 Kinetics......Page 729
2.01.4 Uniform Corrosion in Practice......Page 730
2.01.5 Uniform Corrosion of Iron......Page 731
2.01.6 Uniform Corrosion of Copper......Page 732
4.32.2.1 The Process......Page 733
4.32.1 Materials Selection in the Design Process......Page 2113
4.22.4 Calculation of AC-Induced Voltage......Page 1532
4.38.1.4 In-Service Corrosion......Page 747
3.31.4.1 Thermoplastics......Page 749
3.17.3.1.1 Thermodynamics......Page 750
References......Page 2980
sdarticle (2)......Page 756
Symbols......Page 757
3.12.2.1 Thermodynamics......Page 964
4.29.3 Mining Industry......Page 1410
3.21.3 Thermodynamic Behavior......Page 761
4.06.4 Corrosion Characteristics of Tin......Page 2116
4.13.6 Choice of Protective......Page 2706
4.15.4.4.3 Radiation cross-linked heat shrink sleeves......Page 764
2.17.3.4.2 Biofilms......Page 765
3.35.5.3.4 Sensitization......Page 2486
2.03.5.1 Medical Devices and Implants......Page 766
4.41.4.2.2 Corrosion allowances......Page 3276
3.09.6.2 Choice of Coating Systems and Design Aspects......Page 1820
4.17.1.27 Flocculation......Page 769
3.04.5.4 Carburization......Page 1268
2.03.5.4 Nuclear Waste Isolation......Page 770
2.03.5.5 Underground Structures......Page 771
Glossary......Page 775
Symbols......Page 1155
3.08.3.1 Aluminum Production......Page 1979
4.42.4.1 External Corrosion: Mechanisms......Page 2288
4.23.5.2 Fixed-Point Data Monitoring Devices......Page 2876
4.34.1.9.1 RBI practitioner......Page 2812
3.02.3.3.3 Austenitic cast irons......Page 1751
 Preservative treatments......Page 849
4.23.5.5 Current Density Devices......Page 2880
3.26.7.2 Structure and Physical Properties......Page 2316
2.04.9.3 Passive Film Breakdown and Metastable Pits......Page 796
4.24.7.1 Sulfuric Acid......Page 798
2.13.3.5.5 Control of solid particle impingement attack......Page 1004
4.20.7.1 Offshore and Marine......Page 800
References......Page 801
Symbols......Page 804
4.22 Interaction and Stray-current Corrosion......Page 2409
4.25.1 Introduction......Page 2071
2.05.1.1 Definition of Dealloying......Page 805
4.40.3.2.2 Inhibitors......Page 2059
2.05.2.2 Potential Dependence of Dealloying and the Critical Potential......Page 807
3.23.4.1.2 Matrix metal......Page 843
4.16.4.4 Inspection of Steel Surfaces for Chemical Cleanliness......Page 2750
4.21.1 Background and Introduction......Page 813
3.06.1.6 Strengthening Mechanisms......Page 1925
4.19.3 Sacrificial Anode Materials......Page 818
4.41.3 Front End Engineering Design (FEED)......Page 877
2.35.4.3 Hydrogen Embrittlement Tests......Page 1543
4.06.6 Hot Dip Galvanizing......Page 1894
 Galvanic corrosion......Page 826
Further Reading......Page 2786
sdarticle (6)......Page 831
Symbols......Page 2708
4.11.1 Introduction......Page 1068
4.27.2 Heat Capacity and Latent Heat......Page 832
4.05.2.2 Inward Growth Diffusion Coatings......Page 2120
4.22.5 Evaluation of the AC Interference Effects......Page 2671
2.07.6 Predicting Galvanic Corrosion......Page 841
4.36.1.4.1 Historical development of corrosion monitoring......Page 3155
3.19.3.2 Air......Page 847
 Fretting corrosion......Page 2092
4.06.6.5 Galvanizing......Page 850
2.07.10.2 Seawater Immersion......Page 854
4.43.5.4.4 Silanes......Page 2384
sdarticle (7)......Page 860
4.38 Management of Corrosion of Aircraft......Page 2863
4.30.1 Background to Corrosion Management......Page 1809
4.36.1 Corrosion Monitoring......Page 3151
4.39.3 Consequences of Failure......Page 3222
4.43.1.2.1 Conservation rationale......Page 2865
4.18.2.3 Oxygen Reduction......Page 865
sdarticle (9)......Page 867
3.26.3.1 Structure......Page 2082
4.39.4.3 Structural Considerations......Page 3226
3.06.2.2 Passive Films on Co-Base Alloys......Page 1926
4.38.2.1 Introduction......Page 1159
3.33.4.3 Vulcanization......Page 2405
4.21.3.2 Group 2 Anodes......Page 880
4.27.8 Problems of Microbiological Fouling......Page 3003
4.07.6.7.1 Substrate effects: epitaxy and pseudomorphism......Page 882
4.06.9 Hot Dip Aluminizing......Page 884
4.21.4.2 Impressed-Current Design......Page 2800
4.38.2.3.4 Magnesium alloys......Page 3211
2.38.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 886
References......Page 1107
3.32.2.4 Chemical Ageing......Page 2395
4.36.1.3.3 Choice of technique......Page 891
4.34.1.6 The Matrix......Page 2354
sdarticle (8)......Page 893
Symbols......Page 2372
4.30.3.1.1 Corrosion damage and failure modes......Page 905
2.09.4 Crack Nucleation, Crack Coalescence, 3D Crack Morphology, Effect of Distributed Grain Boundary Character......Page 909
3.08.4.4 Extrusion......Page 925
References......Page 1643
Symbols......Page 931
3.04 Aqueous Corrosion of Stainless Steels......Page 1583
3.19.2.1 Thermodynamics......Page 937
4.37.3.3 Corrosion Protection by the Paint System......Page 2775
3.17.3.2.3 High temperature water......Page 944
3.17.4.1 Gaseous Environments......Page 947
4.12.4 Prediction of Paint Performance......Page 2701
4.26.4.1.2 Scale control......Page 950
3.08.4.5 Continuous Casting......Page 951
2.12.6.1 Prevention by Barrier Coatings and Surface Treatments......Page 952
2.30.3.2.1 Fundamentals......Page 953
Further Reading......Page 972
4.41.1.1 Outline......Page 1810
4.24.3.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking......Page 2888
4.30.2.2 Quality Management Processes......Page 1597
4.13.2.5.2 Volatile corrosion inhibitors......Page 1598
4.04.4 Coatings in Practical Use - Overview......Page 2396
Abbreviations......Page 974
4.04.1 Introduction......Page 2545
4.30.1.1 Introduction......Page 3037
4.33.4 Mitigation of Risks Arising from Thermal Design......Page 977
4.30.2.1 Introduction......Page 2084
2.13.3.2.1 Scale destruction......Page 984
2.34.3 Laboratory Corrosion Tests......Page 1457
4.31.2.3 Corrosion Costs in National Economies......Page 3033
3.22.8 Cathodic Modification of Stainless Steels......Page 993
4.18.8 Potential Attenuation in Impressed-Current Systems......Page 997
4.43.4.2 Washing Methods in Practice......Page 1561
4.41.4.1.1 Material selection report......Page 3273
4.42.4.2.11 Basic CP design......Page 2816
4.11.3.5 Catalysts for Reactive Polymer (Usually Two Component) Curing......Page 2679
2.13.3.5.4 Cathodic protection......Page 1003
4.24.7.1.2 Stainless steels and alloys......Page 1005
References......Page 3124
4.16.2 Duties of the Painting Inspector/Types of Inspection......Page 1013
3.33.2.1 Classification in Terms of Origins......Page 1276
3.22.4 Requirements for Cathodic Modification......Page 2230
3.27.2.4 Certifications......Page 2324
2.15.2.1.3 Friction......Page 1017
4.13.4 Causes of Failure......Page 1746
4.42.4.1.4 Stray-current corrosion......Page 3303
2.15.2.4 Experimental Techniques......Page 1031
3.30.6.1 Aggregate......Page 2357
3.23.4.3.1 Aluminum carbide hydrolysis......Page 1034
4.38.2.3.1 Introduction......Page 2839
4.06.7 Continuous Zinc and Zinc Alloy Coating......Page 2596
4.43.5.3 Preparing Surfaces on Cultural Objects to Receive Coatings......Page 2243
References......Page 1310
3.33.9 Flex Cracking......Page 1043
4.43.6 Inhibitors in Conservation......Page 1047
3.21.6.2.1 Molten glasses and salts......Page 1048
4.07.7.1 Thickness......Page 1821
3.23.5 Corrosion Protection of MMCs......Page 2281
2.25.3.6 Localized H2S Corrosion of Mild Steel in Aqueous Solutions......Page 1300
Further Reading......Page 1053
4.37 Management of Corrosion of Automobiles......Page 1054
2.17.2.1 Dissolved Gases......Page 1056
4.31.1.3 Identifying the Most Economic Corrosion Control Option......Page 3027
4.42.4.1.1 Soil corrosion......Page 1282
4.06.5.2.1 Cleaning......Page 2088
4.43.4 Interventive Treatments......Page 3351
4.26.4.3 Squeeze Application......Page 1263
4.41.4.1.3 Chemical injection systems......Page 3274
4.21.4 Cathodic Protection of Buried Structures......Page 2329
4.43.5.4.1 Acrylic coatings......Page 3362
 Transformation toughened partially stabilized materials......Page 2296
4.38.2.3.5 Titanium alloys......Page 2246
Relevant Websites......Page 2182
Further Reading......Page 1066
sdarticle (15)......Page 1067
3.27.2.1 Glass Formulations......Page 2322
3.20.1.2 Mechanism of Extremely High Corrosion Resistance......Page 2197
3.13.3.3 Aqueous Corrosion......Page 1072
4.16.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 2642
4.34.1.9.2 Operator......Page 1075
2.16.1.6.1 Marine aerosol production......Page 1077
3.30.6.5 Strength of Concrete......Page 1081
3.22.11.2 Surface Alloying in Fe-Cr Alloys......Page 1264
2.16.2.2.2 Aerosol transport......Page 1083
4.42.5 Internal Pipeline Corrosion Risks......Page 3313
4.21.4.4 Resistance of Groundbeds......Page 1959
3.02.4.4 Corrosion in Seawater......Page 1085
2.16.3.1.2 Gas and particle deposition......Page 1086
3.23.4.5.3 Outdoor exposure......Page 2280
2.16.4 Role of Rain and Wind in Surface Cleaning......Page 1091
4.43.7 Painted Metals......Page 3170
4.17.1.36 Misses/Skips/Holidays......Page 1092
4.19.11.3 Flame Sprayed Aluminum......Page 1093
4.24.8.2 Stainless Steel Equipment Operating in Environment Containing Sulfuric Acid......Page 1094
2.16.5.4.2 Evaporation rate......Page 1095
4.24.8.9 Equipment Made of Other Metallic Materials......Page 2912
 Pendent accelerator group......Page 1098
4.36.1.5.9 Atmospheric corrosion monitoring......Page 2303
2.16.7.2 Influence of Electrochemical Processes on Moisture Film Stability and Chemistry......Page 1100
 Slip dissolution......Page 1102
2.16.7.2.2 Specific features of the atmospheric corrosion of steel......Page 1104
3.33.12.5.6 Quinonedioximes vulcanization......Page 1106
sdarticle (17)......Page 1110
2.30.1 Introduction......Page 1111
4.37.2.1 Mechanisms and the Most Common Sites of Corrosion......Page 3141
4.07.4 Pretreatments......Page 1555
4.23.1.5 Measurement of Resistance/Conductance......Page 1345
4.27.7 Problems of Corrosion including Microbial Induced Corrosion......Page 2998
4.37.3.3.6 Underbody protection......Page 1121
4.06.6.2 Design for Hot Dip Galvanizing......Page 1609
3.12.3.6 Galvanic Corrosion......Page 1140
4.42.4.2.7 Coating condition monitoring: AC methods......Page 2218
4.42.4.2.9 CP: Sacrificial anode systems......Page 2517
3.21.5 High temperature Properties......Page 2145
sdarticle (18)......Page 1152
4.03.1 Practice of Anodizing......Page 2530
2.19.3.1 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels......Page 1160
3.32.6.2 The Arrhenius Relationship......Page 1404
4.14.5 Future Trends......Page 2724
4.43.4.1 Removing Ions that Act as Corrosion Accelerators......Page 1164
4.17.1.18 Cratering......Page 2760
4.07.6.6.4 Service corrosion effects......Page 2617
4.17.1.22 Efflorescence......Page 2761
3.23.4.4.1 Intermetallics......Page 2277
2.19.4.8 Direct Measurement Approach......Page 1167
4.07.6.8 Industrial Electroplating Techniques......Page 2623
Further Reading......Page 1171
4.34.1.1 What is Risk?......Page 2857
4.05.3.1 Slurry Cementation......Page 1207
4.37.3.3.1 Pretreatment......Page 1176
2.20.4.1 Situations Effected......Page 1177
4.34.1.7 Current International Practice......Page 1179
3.33.5.2 Vulcanization......Page 1613
4.08.4 Corrosion Applications of Metallic Sprayed Coatings......Page 2644
3.30.7 Degradation......Page 1290
4.26.5 Treating for MIC......Page 2943
3.33.12.3 Antidegradants......Page 2466
3.14.3.3.1 Sulfuric acid......Page 2149
3.14.3.3.2 Halogen acids......Page 1191
Abbreviations......Page 1333
4.25.2 Corrosive Agent Removal (CAR)......Page 2915
References......Page 2579
4.12 Mechanisms of Protection by Paints......Page 2520
4.21.1.2.3 Impressed-current systems......Page 2830
4.37.3.2 Advances in Materials......Page 2311
2.32.3.3.1 High-resolution TEM......Page 1430
Symbols......Page 1229
4.28.3.5 All Volatile Treatment (Oxidizing) (AVT(O))......Page 1702
2.36.2.8 Experimental Design......Page 1558
2.23.5.2 Copper and Copper Alloys......Page 1246
4.27.7.1 Uniform or General Corrosion......Page 1247
4.16.4.6 Inspection during Paint Application......Page 2751
sdarticle (23)......Page 1253
2.24.3.3 Zirconium, Niobium, Hafnium, and Tantalum......Page 1258
4.06.6.1 Introduction......Page 1261
2.24.5.5 Dissolved Reducing Species......Page 1266
4.41.4.2.5 Pigging facilities......Page 1269
3.33.11 Water Absorption......Page 1270
sdarticle (24)......Page 1273
Abbreviations......Page 3140
4.37.3 Advances in the Prevention of Corrosion in Automotive Bodywork......Page 1280
3.27.3.4 Testing Methods......Page 2326
3.02.4.2.4 Corrosion of cast Iron in natural water......Page 1292
3.29.3.6 Glass Fiber Reinforced Resins......Page 1294
4.26.6 Management of Treating Programs......Page 2221
4.24.7.4 Inorganic Salts......Page 2844
 Case studies......Page 3169
Glossary......Page 1302
4.15.4 Specific Coating Material Types and Their Applicability......Page 2048
4.36.1.3.1 Objectives......Page 2959
4.39.5 Highway Infrastructure......Page 2978
4.29.6 Processing Electronics Packaging, Paper Display, and Storage......Page 2449
3.23.4.1.1 Environment......Page 2268
4.24.4.3 Throwing Power of AP......Page 2675
4.01.2.5.2 Mechanism of scale removal......Page 1432
2.26.4 Corrosion in Specific Lubricant Systems......Page 1307
4.43.3.2 Deoxygenation......Page 2892
4.34.1.9.6 Application of confidence criteria......Page 2242
Glossary......Page 1311
3.04.3.2 Alloying Elements and Microstructure......Page 1316
3.35.4 Welded Joints......Page 1945
4.19.4.4 Metallurgical Factors......Page 2190
3.16.2.2.6 Corrosion in liquid metals......Page 1607
4.43.4.5 Hydrogen Reduction......Page 3357
sdarticle (27)......Page 1326
Glossary......Page 2529
 Standard State......Page 1424
2.34.3.1.2 Temperature control......Page 1458
3.04.4.2 The Effect of Cold Work......Page 1331
4.36.1.4.5 Field signature method (FSM)......Page 2094
Further Reading......Page 1332
3.35.3 Soldering and Brazing......Page 2476
3.28.2.2 Steel......Page 2333
2.29.3.1 High Temperature Water - LWRs......Page 1336
4.15.4.3.2 Coal tar and asphalt/bitumen enamels......Page 1341
sdarticle (29)......Page 1343
Abbreviations......Page 2285
Symbols......Page 1344
4.19.4.5 Environmental Factors......Page 1347
4.30.3.3 Probability Analysis - Dealing with Uncertainties......Page 1439
2.30.3.2 Measurement of Current......Page 1350
4.24.7.4.2 Sulfates, phosphates, chlorides, thiocyanates......Page 1352
4.41.5.3 Handover to Operations......Page 1353
3.31.7.2.4 Polytetrafluorethylene......Page 1354
2.30.5.3.1 Introduction......Page 1355
4.42.5.3.2 Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC)......Page 2365
4.17.1.46 Rust Spotting (also Referred to as Rash Rusting)......Page 1356
4.42.5.2.4 Preferential weld corrosion......Page 2438
2.34.10.4 H2SO4+Fe2(SO4)3 Test (Streicher Test)......Page 1484
2.30.5.4.2 Errors......Page 1360
3.33.12.5.5 Resin vulcanization......Page 1834
2.30.5.5.1 Presentation of EIS data......Page 1361
2.34.10.7.2 Double loop EPR test......Page 1362
3.02.5.13.3 Mechanisms of action......Page 1363
2.30.5.9.1 Interpretation of electrochemical noise......Page 1365
2.30.5.9.2 Measurement......Page 1366
2.30.6 Electrode Design......Page 1368
2.30.8 Reference Electrode......Page 1372
2.30.9 Counter Electrode......Page 1374
sdarticle (30)......Page 1376
3.23.1 Introduction......Page 1377
3.28.3.2 Thermal Properties......Page 2335
4.03.3.8 Effect of Anodizing on Mechanical Properties......Page 2355
Glossary......Page 1407
4.39 Management of Corrosion of Infrastructure......Page 2195
2.33.2.2 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy......Page 1409
4.18.3.2 Sacrificial Anodes......Page 2512
4.41.1.4 Industry Drivers and Changes......Page 1431
4.32.3 Economic Evaluation in Materials Selection......Page 3085
References......Page 2804
4.43.1.2.3 Standards in conservation......Page 1426
4.17.1.12 Chalking......Page 2758
4.15.4.4 Field Joint Coatings......Page 1931
3.12.4.2 Solders......Page 2078
Further Reading......Page 1444
sdarticle (33)......Page 1445
Symbols......Page 1447
4.09.3.3 Laser-Assisted Thermal Spray......Page 1450
4.11.2 Overview of Corrosion Control by Paints and Organic Coatings......Page 2672
4.38.1.5 Impact of Corrosion on Structural Integrity......Page 1453
4.19.5.2 Aluminum......Page 2796
4.08.3.8.1 Nanostructured coatings......Page 1462
4.34.1.10 Case Study 1: Corrosion Rate Trending......Page 3120
2.34.4.4 Measurements of the Corrosion Potential......Page 1467
2.34.5 Polarization Resistance......Page 1468
4.26.5.3 Biocide Application......Page 1469
4.38.2.3.7 Wear and fretting resistant coatings......Page 3213
4.19.10.10 Backfills for Anodes......Page 2347
2.34.6 Tests for Bimetallic Corrosion......Page 1472
4.38.3 Corrosion Management In-Service......Page 1473
4.24.7.8 Electroless Nickel Plating Baths......Page 1474
 Sintered silicon carbides......Page 2300
3.07.3.7.4 Other chemicals......Page 1475
3.07.3.8 High Temperature Oxidation and Scaling......Page 1968
4.42.5.3.1 Sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC)......Page 3317
2.34.9.5 Accelerated Tests for Weathering Steels......Page 1477
2.34.10 Intergranular Attack of Cr-Ni-Fe Alloys......Page 1480
4.36.1.6 Future Developments......Page 3176
2.34.10.2 Boiling H2SO4+CuSO4 Tests......Page 1483
2.34.10.6 Electrochemical Tests......Page 1485
2.34.10.7.1 Single loop EPR test......Page 1487
4.41.6.10.4 Key point indicators (KPI)......Page 3288
2.34.11 Crevice Corrosion and Pitting......Page 1488
3.25.5.4 Food Processing......Page 1491
3.25.6 Selecting the Right Material......Page 2305
2.34.14 Cavitation-Erosion......Page 1495
4.42.7 Corrosion Inspection Techniques......Page 3324
2.34.16 Corrosion Testing in Liquid Metals and Fused Salts......Page 1497
2.34.16.4 Impurity Reactions......Page 1498
2.34.16.5.2 Refluxing capsules......Page 1499
2.34.16.5.4 Loop tests......Page 1500
2.34.17 Tests in Plant......Page 1502
2.34.17.1 Corrosion Racks......Page 1503
2.34.18 Atmospheric Tests......Page 1504
2.34.19 Atmospheric Galvanic Tests......Page 1505
2.34.20 Tests in Natural Waters......Page 1508
2.34.21 Field Tests in Soil......Page 1509
2.34.22.1 Behavior of Organic Coatings......Page 1510
 Electrochemical tests......Page 1511
2.34.22.4 Coating Evaluation......Page 1512
2.34.23.1 Immersed Conditions......Page 1513
A.1 Procedures for Removing Corrosion Products......Page 1515
A.1.2.8 Stainless steels......Page 1516
B.1 ISO Standards......Page 1517
B.3 ASTM Standards......Page 1519
B.4 NACE Standards......Page 1523
B.5 Other National Standards......Page 1524
3.24 Degradation of Carbon and Graphite......Page 2253
4.22.7 Major Evidence from Field Studies and Laboratory Tests......Page 2374
4.17.1.8 Bloom (Blush)......Page 2757
4.12.3.4.1 Temperature......Page 2236
2.36 Applications of Statistical Analysis Techniques in Corrosion Experimentation, Testing, Inspection and Monitoring......Page 1549
Glossary......Page 1550
Symbols......Page 2914
4.39.2 Causes of Degradation......Page 3221
4.21.3.1 Group 1 Anodes......Page 2482
2.36.3.2.3 Response surface regression analysis of LPRM data......Page 1564
4.27.12 Understanding Contaminant Saturation Problems as a Precursor to Modification of Waterside Environments by Chemical Inhi......Page 3009
4.11.6 Coatings Formulation/Design......Page 2680
4.11.6.2 Volume Effects in Coatings......Page 2599
3.33.11 Water Absorption......Page 2360
4.17.1.33 Incorrect Coating System......Page 1575
2.36.4.5 Optimizing Inspection and Repair Intervals......Page 1576
2.36.4.5.3 Crack inspection case study......Page 1577
3.14.3.3.5 Other inorganic acids......Page 2158
2.36.5.1 Threshold Techniques......Page 1579
2.36.Summary and Conclusions......Page 1581
sdarticle (37)......Page 1587
4.38.1.2 The Operational Environment......Page 2703
4.42.4.2.14 CP monitoring......Page 1624
3.08.5.1.4 Crevice corrosion......Page 1992
Acknowledgments......Page 1628
sdarticle (39)......Page 1632
4.20 Impressed-current Anodes......Page 2805
4.16.4 Specific Aspects of Inspection......Page 1639
sdarticle (38)......Page 1645
2.39.11 Conclusions......Page 1691
ax......Page 1695
sdarticle......Page 1696
Glossary......Page 1697
3.25.1.2 Mechanical and Thermal Limitations......Page 2286
4.41.3.2 Data Availability......Page 2999
3.30.5.4 Inert Fillers......Page 1986
 Linear polarization resistance (LPR)......Page 3160
4.43.5 Coatings......Page 3004
3.15.4.2 Anodes......Page 2110
4.06.11 Applications for Hot Dip Coated Products......Page 2067
3.33.10 Oil Absorption......Page 2429
3.25.4.1.5 Glasses and glass-ceramics......Page 1714
4.42.5.2 CO2 Corrosion - Localized Effects......Page 2764
3.14.3.3.3 Nitric acid......Page 2155
3.01.3.6 High Temperature Oxidation......Page 1716
4.41.6.4.2 pH measurements......Page 1717
3.01.4.1.2 Air-borne pollutants......Page 1718
3.33.12.5.2 Peroxide vulcanization system......Page 1721
4.36.2.1 Introduction......Page 1722
4.17.1.51 Solvent Popping......Page 2163
3.33.13 Future Developments in Materials or Applications......Page 2439
3.01.4.4.2 Conditions of exposure......Page 1724
3.01.4.4.3 Damage functions......Page 1725
3.01.4.5.2 Wetting and drying......Page 1726
3.01.4.5.3 Applications......Page 1727
3.01.4.6 Classification of Atmospheres......Page 1728
3.01.5.1.1 Dissolved gases......Page 1729
3.01.5.1.2 Dissolved solids......Page 1730
3.01.5.3.1 Corrosion rates......Page 1731
3.01.5.3.3 Structural steel in waters......Page 1732
3.04.8.9.5 Organic acids......Page 1733
3.01.6.1 Controlling Factors......Page 1734
3.01.6.2.1 Piling......Page 1735
3.10 Corrosion of Titanium and its Alloys......Page 1740
3.02.1.2 Gray Cast Iron......Page 1742
3.02.2 Production, Composition, and Microstructural Effects......Page 1743
3.02.2.1 Effect of Microstructure on Corrosion Resistance......Page 1744
3.02.3.2 High-Alloy Cast Irons......Page 1747
4.20.4.5 Conductive Paints......Page 1753
4.27.9 Evaluating and Modifying Waters for Use or Reuse in Industrial Processes and HVAC Water Systems......Page 1755
4.41.4.2.3 Inaccessible pipework......Page 1760
3.31.7.1.4 Poly(methyl methacrylate)......Page 1765
3.33.12.1 Selection of Elastomer......Page 1766
3.31.7.2 Crystalline Plastics......Page 1998
4.21.4.5.3 Coating resistance......Page 2845
3.02.5.4 Phosphoric Acid......Page 1768
3.02.5.6 Organic Acids......Page 1769
3.02.5.7 Corrosion by Alkalis......Page 1770
3.02.5.9 Corrosion-Fatigue......Page 1771
3.07.3.8.1 High temperature oxidation of copper......Page 1773
3.02.5.11.1 Alcohol and glycol......Page 1775
3.30.7.4.2 Thaumasite form of sulfate attack......Page 2366
3.02.5.12.1 Corrosion by liquid aluminum or aluminum alloys......Page 1776
3.02.5.13 Microbially Influenced Corrosion......Page 1777
3.02.5.13.4 Microbial corrosion of cast iron......Page 1778
4.21.12.2 Impressed-Current Anodes......Page 1779
3.02.5.14 Flow-Induced Corrosion......Page 1780
3.14.6.2 Processes Using Halogen Acids......Page 2166
3.02.5.14.2 Corrosion-erosion of cast iron......Page 1781
3.02.6.1 High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion......Page 1783
3.02.6.2 Corrosion by other Gas Atmospheres......Page 1786
3.02.6.3 Corrosion in Gas Transport and Distribution Pipes......Page 1787
References......Page 1789
sdarticle (2)......Page 1792
4.27.7.5 Stress Corrosion......Page 2966
3.11.3.3 Buried Structures......Page 2065
4.34.1.9.Summary......Page 1799
3.03.3.6.2 Testing for SCC......Page 1800
4.36.1.4.6 Thin layer activation (TLA)......Page 1801
3.03.3.8 Applications......Page 1803
sdarticle (3)......Page 1805
Glossary......Page 3125
4.27.7.7 Condensate Line Corrosion or Grooving Corrosion......Page 1953
4.26.4.1.1 Scale treatment chemicals......Page 1815
4.43.5.2 Metal Surfaces and Patinas......Page 3360
4.24.7.6 Hydroxides of Alkaline Metals......Page 1822
3.04.8.2 Contribution of Main Alloy Elements to Passivation......Page 1825
3.04.8.3 General Electrochemical Considerations in Corrosion of Stainless Steels......Page 1826
3.04.8.5 Localized Corrosion - Pitting and Crevice Corrosion......Page 1827
3.04.8.5.1 Influence of alloy composition on localized corrosion......Page 1828
3.04.8.5.2 Pitting corrosion......Page 1829
 Critical pitting temperature (CPT)......Page 1830
3.33.12.5.2 Peroxide vulcanization system......Page 2470
3.04.8.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking......Page 1833
4.41.6.8 Direct Assessment Procedures......Page 3286
4.21.9 Internal Protection of Pipelines......Page 2850
3.25.5 Some Specific Applications Requiring Corrosion Resistance......Page 1835
4.36.2.5.1 Visual inspection......Page 1836
3.04.8.6.7 SCC in atmospheric environments......Page 1837
3.04.8.6.10 SCC of austenitic stainless steels......Page 1838
3.04.8.8 Corrosion on Stainless Steels Related to Welding Procedures......Page 1839
4.36.2.5.6 Dye penetrant (DPI) and magnetic particle (MPI) surface crack detection......Page 3186
3.04.8.8.4 Postweld treatment......Page 1840
3.04.8.9.1 Sulfuric acid......Page 1841
3.04.8.9.2 Hydrochloric acid......Page 1843
3.04.8.9.3 Phosphoric acid......Page 1844
3.04.8.9.4 Nitric acid......Page 1845
3.04.8.9.6 Alkaline solutions......Page 1846
3.04.8.10 Galvanic Corrosion......Page 1847
3.04.8.11 Intergranular Corrosion......Page 1848
3.04.8.14 Localized Corrosion Testing of Stainless Steels using Electrochemical Methods......Page 1849
3.04.8.15 Different Stainless Steel Grades and their Resistance to Pitting and Crevice Corrosion......Page 1850
3.04.8.17 Testing Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steels in Environments Containing Hydrogen Sulfide Under Acidic Condit......Page 1852
3.04.8.18 Laboratory Tests of SCC......Page 1853
3.04.9.1 Microbially Influenced Corrosion......Page 1854
3.04.9.1.1 Chlorination......Page 1855
3.04.9.2.2 Freshwater......Page 1856
3.04.9.3.1 Material selection......Page 1857
3.04.9.3.2 Polluted seawater......Page 1858
3.04.9.3.4 Seawater exposures......Page 1859
3.04.9.3.5 Anaerobic seawater environments......Page 1860
3.04.10.1 Types of Atmosphere, Corrosivity, and Material Selection......Page 1861
3.04.10.1.3 Indoor with volatile aggressive chemical compounds, roof parts with mechanical load in swimming pool buildings. Pol......Page 1862
3.04.11.1 Domestic - Kitchenware......Page 1863
3.04.11.2.1 Hydrometallurgy32......Page 1864
 Nickel production......Page 1865
 Multistage flash......Page 1866
3.04.11.2.3 Stainless steel within the pulp and paper industry......Page 1868
3.04.11.2.4 Architecture - Art 32......Page 1869
 Hydrogen sulfide......Page 1870
 Artificial environments......Page 1871
 Duplex stainless steels......Page 1872
 Mechanical treatment......Page 1873
 Addition of Chemicals......Page 1874
 Base material welds......Page 1875
3.04.12 High Temperature Corrosion32......Page 1876
3.04.12.1 Oxidation......Page 1878
3.04.12.4 Molten Salt corrosion......Page 1879
3.04.12.5 Molten Metal Corrosion......Page 1880
sdarticle (4)......Page 1882
Abbreviations......Page 1883
4.28.3 Feedwater Treatment......Page 2755
4.33.5 Mitigation of Risks Arising from Mechanical Design......Page 1886
 Galvanic current......Page 3161
3.31.6.2.3 Amorphous nonpolar polymers and crystalline solvents......Page 2382
4.11.3.2.3 Inert/extenders pigments......Page 1902
3.05.5 Application of Nickel and Nickel Alloys as Materials Resistant to Aqueous Corrosion in the CPI and in Environmental Tech......Page 1904
3.05.5.5 Production of Hydrofluoric Acid and Aluminum Fluoride......Page 1910
4.11.6.3.1 Use of combinatorial methods in coating design and choice......Page 1911
3.05.5.9 Production of Acrylic Acid and Acrylate Esters......Page 1912
4.42.5.2.2 Mesa corrosion......Page 2299
3.05.5.11 Production of Fine and Specialty Chemicals......Page 1913
4.21.4.5.4 Types of cable for anode installations......Page 1915
sdarticle (5)......Page 1919
4.34.1.2 Who is Responsible for the Management of Risk?......Page 1920
3.06.1.5 Processing......Page 1923
3.06.2.3 Corrosion of Cobalt-Based Alloys......Page 1927
References......Page 1937
Further Reading......Page 1939
sdarticle (6)......Page 1940
4.17.1 Coating Failures and Defects......Page 2754
4.01.2 Chemical Cleaning......Page 1941
4.43.3.1.1 Relative humidity - Threshold corrosion values......Page 1947
4.32.4 Outputs/Records of Materials Selection Processes......Page 1949
4.12.3.4.2 Concentration of electrolyte......Page 2700
4.15.7 Quality Control During Coating Application......Page 2742
3.07.3.4.5 Dissolution......Page 1960
4.42.5.1.4 Effect of partial pressure of CO2......Page 3315
3.07.3.6.1 Stress corrosion of brasses......Page 1964
4.38.3.2 Aircraft Washing and Cleaning......Page 1965
3.29.4.3 Linings to Chimneys......Page 1966
3.25.4.2.2 Silicon nitrides......Page 1969
4.36.1.5.6 Transportation......Page 3175
 Reaction-bonded silicon nitride......Page 1970
Acknowledgements......Page 1971
sdarticle (7)......Page 1977
4.09 Laser Applied Coatings......Page 2441
4.30.1.2 The Need for Corrosion Management......Page 2114
3.08.3.3.4 Silicon- and magnesium-silicon-containing alloys......Page 1984
4.03.5.1 Practice of Anodizing......Page 2540
4.43.4.3 Removal of Corrosion Products......Page 1987
3.08.5.1.5 Filiform corrosion......Page 1993
3.22.18.1 Hydrochloric Acid......Page 2249
4.43.7.1 Removing Paint......Page 1999
3.31.7.2.5 Other fluorine-containing plastics......Page 2000
4.38.3.5 Use of Supplementary Protection......Page 3218
4.38.3.6 Paint Removal and Repainting......Page 2001
3.14.3.4.2 Alkaline solutions......Page 2160
 Pendent accelerator group......Page 2161
3.08.5.5.7 Aluminum in contact with other materials......Page 2003
3.08.6.1 Inhibitors......Page 2004
3.08.6.2 Conversion Coatings......Page 2005
3.08.6.3 Anodizing......Page 2008
3.08.6.4 Organic Coatings......Page 2009
3.08.7 Applications of Aluminum Alloys......Page 2010
Acknowledgements......Page 2011
3.28 Degradation of Vitreous Enamel Coatings......Page 2014
3.09.3.5 Cast Magnesium Alloys......Page 2020
3.09.5.1 Forms and Mechanisms......Page 2029
4.06.6.5.2 Alloying additions the zinc melt......Page 2595
3.09.6.1.4 Physical techniques......Page 2039
4.41.4.2.4 Insulation......Page 2345
sdarticle (10)......Page 2056
3.11.2.2 Dissolution......Page 2061
4.17.1.29 Flotation (also see Flooding)......Page 2068
4.30 Corrosion Management Overview......Page 3036
4.23.2.1 Digital Instrumentation......Page 2868
3.30.5.3 Silica Fume......Page 2356
4.15.5 Pipeline Coatings for Thermal Insulation......Page 2077
3.13.3 Corrosion Properties......Page 2083
3.19.4 Corrosion Processes......Page 2191
Relevant Websites......Page 2096
3.15 Corrosion of Tantalum and Niobium and their Alloys......Page 2097
3.15.1.6 Applications......Page 2100
4.30.3.2.3 Risk-based inspection......Page 2106
3.15.3.4.4 Fluorides......Page 2108
4.04.5.3 Environment Classification......Page 2554
4.04.6 Alternative Coating Systems......Page 2109
4.27.14 Use of Contaminant Cycling Effects in Modifying Waterside Environments......Page 3013
3.16.2.1 Electrochemistry......Page 2115
Further Reading......Page 2118
sdarticle (16)......Page 2119
3.17.3.2.2 Galvanic corrosion......Page 2125
3.17.4.1.3 Other environments......Page 2127
sdarticle (13)......Page 2130
Glossary......Page 2131
4.27.3 The Use of Water in Industrial Cooling and Heating Systems and Potable Applications......Page 2985
3.14.1.2 Chemical and Corrosion Properties......Page 2136
3.14.2 Corrosion......Page 2139
 Organic inhibitors......Page 2234
4.18.7 Calcareous Deposit......Page 2783
3.14.2.8 Erosion-Corrosion......Page 2146
4.27.18 Types of Modern Organic Chemical Inhibitors Employed to Modify Cooling System Waterside Environments Against Risks of Scale, Fouling, and Corrosion Control......Page 2148
3.14.3.3.4 Phosphoric acid......Page 2157
4.41.6.4.1 Temperature, pressure, CO2/H2S content......Page 3283
3.31.7.3.2 Aminoplastics......Page 2162
3.14.5.4 Other Measures......Page 2164
3.14.6.3 Processes Using Nitric Acid......Page 2167
4.42.7.1 In-Line Inspection......Page 2168
3.18.1 Metallurgy......Page 2171
4.36.1.1 Definition......Page 2972
Abbreviations......Page 2184
4.21.3.1.1 Scrap steel......Page 2192
3.20.1.5.1 Nanocrystalline-precipitated amorphous alloys......Page 2204
Glossary......Page 2209
3.26.5.2.1 Grain tests......Page 2215
3.21.5.1 Silver and Gold......Page 2220
3.21.6.2.3 Furnace windings......Page 2222
4.38.3.1 Introduction......Page 3215
3.21.6.3.1 Dental restorations......Page 2223
4.17.1.39 Overspray (also see Dry spray)......Page 2765
4.42.5.2.3 Flow-induced localized corrosion (FILC)......Page 3316
4.17.1.41 Pinholes......Page 2224
4.17.1.42 Rain Damage - Water Spotting......Page 2385
Cotton, 1997CottonS.A.Chemistry of Precious Metals1997SpringerThe Silver InstituteThe Silver Institute, Information resource a......Page 2226
sdarticle (21)......Page 2227
3.33.5.1.2 Types of bonding agent and methods of applications of bonding agent to metal plates......Page 2454
 Aluminum coatings and cladding......Page 3209
3.30.7.1.4 Long-term drying shrinkage......Page 2247
3.22.17 Summary of the Current Observations about the State of Passive Film Compositions on Cathodically Modified Alloys......Page 2248
3.24.1.5 Pyrolytic Graphite......Page 2255
4.04.4.5 Nickel......Page 2260
3.24.5.1 Radiation Damage......Page 2262
sdarticle (22)......Page 2264
3.23.4.1.5 Reinforcement resistivity......Page 2271
 Low content of cathodic constituents......Page 2274
4.38.2.4 Design Considerations......Page 2822
Further Reading......Page 2283
4.19.10.9 Utilization Factor......Page 2802
4.38.3.7 Dehumidification......Page 2301
 Sintered silicon nitrides......Page 2302
4.36.2.3 The Need to Inspect for Corrosion Damage......Page 2304
sdarticle (25)......Page 2308
4.32 Materials Selection for Corrosion Resistance......Page 3075
4.32.2.2.1 Identifying credible corrosion risks......Page 2808
3.33.12.2 Blends of Elastomers......Page 2465
3.26.7.3.4 Metals......Page 2318
3.26.8.2 Chemical Durability of Glass-Ceramics......Page 2319
4.43.8 Overview......Page 3371
3.27.2.2 Glass Preparation......Page 2323
3.27.3.2 Thermal Properties......Page 2325
References......Page 2330
sdarticle (27)......Page 2332
3.28.2.4 Enamel Application and Fusion......Page 2334
References......Page 2338
sdarticle (28)......Page 2339
3.36.5 The Improvement of Bond Durability......Page 2342
4.26.4.5 Scale Removal......Page 2942
4.34.1.12 Case Study 3: Use of Robust RBI to Understand Plant Wide Integrity from Restricted Inspection Data......Page 3121
3.29.4.1 Vessel Linings......Page 2346
3.29.4.1.7 Inspection and quality control......Page 2348
4.19.11.4 Protection of High-Alloy Steels......Page 2469
sdarticle (29)......Page 2350
Abbreviations......Page 2410
3.30.6.4 Concreting......Page 2358
3.30.7.2.7 Resistivity measurements......Page 2362
4.24.8.1 Sulfuric Acid Coolers Made of Stainless Steel......Page 2910
3.30.7.2.10 Tests on retrieved samples......Page 2363
3.30.7.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction......Page 2364
3.30.7.4.3 Delayed ettringite formation......Page 2367
4.17.1.52 Tackiness......Page 2768
4.21.6 Marine Structures......Page 2368
3.30.7.5.5 Fire......Page 2369
sdarticle (30)......Page 2371
3.31.4.1.1 Amorphous thermoplastics......Page 2375
3.31.4.1.2 Rubber-modified amorphous polymers......Page 2376
3.31.6.2.1 Amorphous nonpolar polymers and amorphous nonpolar solvents......Page 2381
4.43.6.2 Tannins......Page 2907
4.21.5.2.2 Rod anodes......Page 2846
3.31.8 Polymers with Enhanced Heat Resistance......Page 2386
3.31.9 Thermoplastic Rubbers......Page 2387
sdarticle (31)......Page 2389
3.32.2 Ageing Mechanisms......Page 2392
3.32.2.3 Thermooxidative Degradation......Page 2394
3.33.2.1 Classification in Terms of Origins......Page 2412
3.35.5.3.2 Austenitic stainless steels......Page 2422
3.33.9 Flex Cracking......Page 2428
3.33.10.1 Effect of Crosslink Concentration and Polarity on Swelling Resistance......Page 2430
3.33.12.2 Blends of Elastomers......Page 2433
4.07.7.3 Current Path Geometry......Page 2626
3.33.12.3.2 Theories of layer formation......Page 2435
3.33.12.5 Choice of Vulcanization System......Page 2437
4.36.1.3.7 Legislation and standards......Page 3154
3.33.6 Oxidation of Rubber......Page 2456
4.07.6.7.3 Form of current passed through cell......Page 2458
3.33.12.3.2 Theories of layer formation......Page 2467
3.33.13 Future Developments in Materials or Applications......Page 2471
sdarticle (34)......Page 2473
3.35.4.1 Welding Processes......Page 2478
3.35.4.3.4 Residual stresses and stress concentration......Page 2481
3.35.5.3.3 Duplex stainless steels......Page 2485
Further Reading......Page 2488
sdarticle (35)......Page 2489
3.36.2.3.1 Cathodic failure......Page 2492
4.42.4.1.3 Preferential corrosion......Page 3045
41plPK8M--L._SL500_AA300_......Page 2508
sdarticle......Page 2509
4.24.7.1.1 Carbon steel and cast iron......Page 2900
Standards......Page 2519
4.02.2.1 Deposition Mechanism......Page 2521
4.02.3.1 Types of Coating......Page 2522
4.02.3.3 Effect of Phosphate Solution......Page 2523
4.02.3.4 Composition and Structure......Page 2524
4.02.4.1 Corrosion Protection......Page 2525
4.02.4.2 Testing......Page 2526
References......Page 2527
Relevant Websites......Page 2528
4.03.3.7 Optical Properties......Page 2536
4.03.4.1 Atmospheric Exposure......Page 2539
4.41.4.1 Documentation......Page 2815
4.03.5.4 Test Methods......Page 2542
4.04.3.1 Resistance to the Corrosive Environment......Page 2547
4.04.3.4 Effect of Coating Process on Substrate Properties......Page 2549
4.24.5.3 Emergency Modes, Failures, and Maintenance of AP System......Page 2893
4.04.8 Metal Whiskers......Page 2555
sdarticle (4)......Page 2558
4.05.3.4 Molten Salt Baths......Page 2567
4.06.1 Introduction......Page 2582
4.06.5.2 Principles of the Hot Dipping Operation......Page 2591
4.06.6.5.1 Coating development and reactivity of steel......Page 2594
4.06.8 Hot Tinning......Page 2597
Relevant Websites......Page 2602
sdarticle (6)......Page 2603
Abbreviations......Page 2604
4.07.4.1 Metallic Substrates17-21......Page 2605
4.40.5.2 Internal Corrosion Risks......Page 2610
4.07.6.6.3 Electroplating passive alloys......Page 2616
4.07.6.7 Factors Influencing Structure......Page 2619
4.07.7 Properties of Electrodeposits......Page 2624
4.43.6.1 Benzotriazole (BTA)......Page 3366
4.36.1.5.2 Chemical and petrochemical industry......Page 2627
4.07.7.6 Ductility, Hardness, Wear, Strength......Page 2628
4.07.7.8 Porosity......Page 2629
4.07.8 Plating from Ionic Liquids......Page 2631
4.07.9 Recent Developments......Page 2632
4.08.2 Thermal Spraying: An Overview......Page 2637
4.08.3 Thermal Spraying: Variants......Page 2638
References......Page 2646
Abbreviations......Page 2648
4.09.3.1 Laser Cladding......Page 2650
4.10.2.3 Air Atomized Spray Application......Page 2663
4.10.2.5 Airless Spray Application......Page 2664
4.10.2.8 Electrostatic Spray Application......Page 2665
References......Page 2666
4.11 Paint Formulation......Page 2668
4.11.1.1 Materials Used in Coatings......Page 2670
4.11.3.1 Polymer(s) for Corrosion Control Coatings......Page 2676
4.11.6.3 Setting Formulation Goals......Page 2684
4.11.7 Coatings Design and Testing: Choosing the Final Formula......Page 2688
References......Page 2689
Further Readings......Page 2690
sdarticle (11)......Page 2691
4.12.3.2 Anodic Passivation......Page 2695
Further Reading......Page 2707
4.14.4 Coating Selection for Different Vessel Areas......Page 2716
4.31.1.3.4 Incorporating risks and uncertainties into economic evaluations......Page 2831
4.14.4.4 Chemical and Product Tankers......Page 2720
4.14.4.5 Cargo Holds......Page 2721
4.34.1.8 Creating the Inspection Plan - Assigning Inspections from Risk Assessment......Page 3115
sdarticle (14)......Page 2727
4.15.4.2 Cold-Applied Tapes......Page 2732
4.30.3.1.2 Sources of corrosion risk......Page 3046
4.15.4.4.4 FBE powder coatings......Page 2737
4.16.2.1 Introduction......Page 2745
4.41.1.3 Areas of Corrosion Risk and Industry Mitigation Approach......Page 2746
4.38.2.2.4 Magnesium alloys......Page 2759
4.17.1.30 Grinning (also see Grinning Through)......Page 2763
4.26.6.2 Monitoring and Data Management......Page 2950
4.38.3.4.2 Reprotection......Page 3217
4.17.1.43 Rippled Coating......Page 2766
 Pulp and paper industry......Page 2911
4.17.1.47 Rust Staining......Page 2767
4.42.5.8 Assessing the Internal Corrosion Risk......Page 2769
4.17.1.56 Zinc Carbonates......Page 2770
4.24 Anodic Protection......Page 2881
4.18.2.4 Hydrogen Evolution......Page 2774
4.18.6 Coatings and Cathodic Protection......Page 2782
4.18.Summary......Page 2785
sdarticle (18)......Page 2787
4.42.4.2.10 CP: Impressed current systems......Page 2799
4.30.5 Conclusions......Page 3069
4.19.10.6 Number of Anodes......Page 2801
4.19.11.2 Combined Alloy Anodes for Rapid Structure Polarization......Page 2803
4.20.3 Lead-Based Materials......Page 2810
References......Page 2823
sdarticle (20)......Page 2825
 Cooling water systems......Page 3174
4.21.5.3.3 Automatically controlled modular system......Page 2847
4.21.7 Ships......Page 2849
4.21.12.1 Galvanic Anode Systems......Page 2852
4.21.12.3 Power Sources for Cathodic Protection......Page 2855
4.21.13 Conclusion......Page 2856
Symbols......Page 3295
Further Reading......Page 2862
4.23.2.2 Measurement Errors......Page 2870
4.23.5.3 Pipeline Cathodic Protection Survey Devices......Page 2877
Glossary......Page 2882
4.24.3.2 Intergranular Corrosion......Page 2887
4.24.4.4 Influence of the Level on the AP Effectiveness......Page 2890
4.24.5 Modes of AP......Page 2891
4.24.7 Environments Suitable for AP......Page 2899
4.24.7.1.3 Titanium......Page 2904
4.24.7.3 Organic Acids......Page 2906
4.24.7.5 Aqueous Solution of Ammonia......Page 2908
4.25.2.2 Liquid Environments......Page 2916
sdarticle (25)......Page 2923
4.26.1 Introduction......Page 2924
4.26.2.1 Treating Terminology......Page 2926
4.26.2.2.1 Continuous treatments......Page 2928
4.26.2.2.2 Batch treatments......Page 2930
4.26.3.1 Inhibition Processes......Page 2931
4.26.3.2 Inhibitor Performance......Page 2933
4.26.3.3.1 Bubble test......Page 2934
4.26.3.3.2 RCE test/flow loops......Page 2935
4.26.3.3.3 Inhibitor persistency......Page 2936
References......Page 2952
sdarticle (27)......Page 2953
4.28.5 Condensate Treatment......Page 2968
References......Page 2970
4.29.2.3 Acidizing Oil Wells......Page 2976
4.27.6.1 Problems from Mineral Scales, Muds, and Sludges in Boilers......Page 2977
4.27 Environmental Modification for Cooling, Heating and Potable Water Systems......Page 2983
4.27.4 The Need for Water Treatment to Control Waterside Heating, Cooling and Potable Water Environments......Page 2986
4.27.6.2 Problems due to Mineral Scales, Muds, and Sludges in Cooling Systems......Page 2996
4.27.6.5 Problems due to Mineral Scales, Muds, and Sludges in Potable Water Lines......Page 2997
4.27.7.4 Concentration Cell Corrosion or Crevice Corrosion......Page 3000
4.38.2.5 Final Assembly and Finishes......Page 3214
4.30.2 Corrosion Management Processes......Page 3041
4.30.2.3 Risk Management Processes......Page 3042
4.30.3.2.1 Hazards and risks......Page 3047
4.30.4.2 Setting Performance Measures......Page 3065
4.30.4.3 Data Management Systems......Page 3067
4.32.2.2.2 Performance prediction based on experience......Page 3080
4.36.1.3.8 Engineering considerations......Page 3084
4.34.1 Introduction......Page 3107
4.34.1.5 Types of Risk Assessment......Page 3110
4.34.1.13 Major Challenges for RBI......Page 3123
4.35.1 Introduction......Page 3126
4.35.2 Overview of the Failure Assessment Diagram......Page 3128
4.35.3 The Lr Parameter......Page 3129
4.35.4 The Kr Parameter......Page 3130
4.35.4.1 Example Calculation of Kr......Page 3131
4.35.5.1 Step 1: Characterize the Nature of the Crack......Page 3132
4.35.5.3.1 Surface condition......Page 3133
4.35.5.3.3 Initial microstructure......Page 3134
4.35.5.4 Step 4: Establish Data for Stress Corrosion Cracking Assessment......Page 3135
4.35.6 Worked Example FFS Assessment......Page 3136
4.35.6.1.2 Calculation of Kr......Page 3137
4.35.6.3 Worked Example Part B(II)......Page 3138
References......Page 3139
sdarticle (35)......Page 3148
Glossary......Page 3149
4.36.1.4.7 Chemical analysis......Page 3164
4.36.1.4.9 Test heat exchangers and spool pieces......Page 3165
4.36.1.5.3 Power generation industry......Page 3171
4.43.7.2 Refinishing Painted Surfaces......Page 3280
 Flue gas outlet duct corrosion control......Page 3173
4.36.2.2 Historical Development of Inspection Technology......Page 3177
4.36.2.4 Inspecting for Corrosion Damage......Page 3179
4.36.2.5 Inspection Techniques for Corrosion Inspection......Page 3180
 Types of probe......Page 3181
 Specialized ultrasonic systems......Page 3183
 Portable systems......Page 3185
4.36.2.5.9 Fiber optics......Page 3187
4.36.2.6.1 Background......Page 3188
4.36.2.6.2 Development of ILI vehicles......Page 3189
4.36.2.7 Management of Inspection Programs......Page 3190
4.36.2.8.1 Oil and gas industry equipment......Page 3191
4.36.2.8.3 Power plants......Page 3192
4.36.2.9 Future Developments......Page 3193
 British Standards/ISO......Page 3194
 American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)......Page 3195
 American Petroleum Industry (API)......Page 3196
sdarticle (37)......Page 3198
4.38.2.2.5 Titanium alloys......Page 3206
4.41.6.2 Routine Inspection and Monitoring......Page 3216
4.40.3.3 Selection of Materials and Protection Practices for Process Equipment......Page 3236
4.41 Management of Corrosion in the Oil and Gas Industry......Page 3253
4.41.5.2 Development of Integrity Management Systems......Page 3279
4.41.6.5 Data Management......Page 3284
4.41.6.6 Change in Process Conditions......Page 3285
4.41.6.10.1 Corrosion management team......Page 3287
4.41.6.10.6 Ongoing improvements......Page 3289
4.41.7 Summary/Conclusions......Page 3290
4.42.4.1.2 External microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC)......Page 3302
4.42.4.2.1 Requirements of pipeline coatings......Page 3304
4.42.5.1 Sweet or CO2 Corrosion......Page 3314
4.42.5.6.1 Corrosion allowance......Page 3318
4.42.5.6.5 Inhibitors......Page 3319
4.42.5.7 Internal Corrosion Monitoring......Page 3320
4.42.6.1.1 High-pH SCC......Page 3322
4.42.6.1.2 Near-neutral pH SCC......Page 3323
4.42.7.1.3 ILI for crack detection......Page 3325
4.42.7.3 Direct Assessment......Page 3326
4.42.7.3.3 Stress corrosion cracking direct assessment (SCCDA)......Page 3327
4.42.8 Pipeline Corrosion Management: Overview......Page 3328
 Tables......Page 3330
4.43 Preservation of Metallic Cultural Heritage......Page 3341
4.43.2.1 The Influence of Corrosion on Conservation Strategies......Page 3344
4.43.5.1 Coating Rationale and Research......Page 3358
4.43.5.4.2 Waxes......Page 3364
4.43.5.4.3 Cellulose nitrate......Page 3365
sdarticle (44)......Page 3375