Shoulderology: Searching for "Whys" Related to the Shoulder

Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Message to the Young
	Make Friends in and Outside of Your Country
	Importance of English
	Always Search for Whys
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
	References
Part I: Shoulder Examination
	Chapter 2: Physical Examination of the Shoulder
		1 Inspection
		2 Palpation
		3 Shoulder Motion
		4 Muscle Strength
		5 Physical Examination of Rotator Cuff Tear Patient
			5.1 Pain Induction
			5.2 Supraspinatus Tear
			5.3 Infraspinatus/Teres Minor Tear
			5.4 Subscapularis Tear
		6 Physical Examination of Shoulder Instability Patient
			6.1 Traumatic Instability
			6.2 Multidirectional Instability
		References
Part II: Main Shoulder Diseases—Rotator Cuff Tear
	Chapter 3: Rotator Cuff Tear
		1 Anatomy
		2 Function of the Rotator Cuff
		3 Epidemiology
		4 Mechanism of Tear
			4.1 Degeneration of the Tendon
			4.2 Stress Concentration
			4.3 Impingement Between the Tendon and the Coracoacromial Arch
			4.4 Smoking
		5 Tear Propagation
		6 Muscle Changes with Cuff Tear
			6.1 Mechanism of Fatty Change
			6.2 Extensibility of the Muscle
		7 Pain
		8 Diagnosis
			8.1 Plain X-rays
			8.2 Ultrasonography
			8.3 MRI
		9 Conservative Treatment
			9.1 Pain Relief
			9.2 Modalities
			9.3 Exercises
		10 Surgical Treatment
			10.1 Basic Research for Tendon Repair
				10.1.1 Tendon Healing
				10.1.2 Repair Method
			10.2 Indication for Surgical Repair
			10.3 Subacromial Decompression
			10.4 Repair Technique
			10.5 Research on the Position of Postoperative Immobilization
		References
Part III: Main Shoulder Diseases—Shoulder Instability
	Chapter 4: Stabilizing Mechanisms
		1 Anatomy
		2 End-Range Stabilizers
		3 Mid-Range Stabilizers
			3.1 At Rest
			3.2 During Motion
		References
	Chapter 5: Traumatic Dislocation
		1 Epidemiology
		2 Pathophysiology
			2.1 Arm Position at the Time of Dislocation and Location of the Lesion
			2.2 Bone Loss
				2.2.1 Glenoid Bone Loss
					Necessity to Quantify a Bone Loss
					Bone Loss and Instability
					Mechanism of Instability by a Bone Loss
					Critical Bone Loss, Subcritical Bone Loss
				2.2.2 Hill–Sachs Lesion
					Mechanism of Instability by Hill–Sachs Lesion
					How to Assess the Risk of Hill–Sachs Lesion
				2.2.3 Risk Assessment of Bipolar Lesion
					Dynamic Examination
					Glenoid Track: A New Concept
					Measurement of Glenoid Track Width
					Clinical Application of Glenoid Track
					Factors Affecting the Glenoid Track Width
				2.2.4 Mechanism of Bone Loss
			2.3 Transition to Recurrent Instability
			2.4 Healing of Bankart Lesion
		3 Diagnosis
			3.1 Plain X-rays
			3.2 CT
			3.3 MRI
		4 Treatment
			4.1 Position of Immobilization After Reduction
				4.1.1 Basic Research
					Arm Position and Bankart Reduction
				4.1.2 Clinical Studies
					Searching for a Better Position
					Acceptability of the Brace
				4.1.3 Meta-Analysis
			4.2 Surgical Treatment
				4.2.1 Surgical Indications for First-Time Dislocators
				4.2.2 Bankart Repair
					Transition of Surgical Procedures
					Location of Suture Anchor Insertion
					Remove Cartilage or Leave It On
			4.3 Management of Bone Loss
				4.3.1 Selection of Surgical Procedures
				4.3.2 Coracoid Transfer
					From Bristow to Latarjet
					Stabilizing Mechanism of Latarjet
					Capsular Repair in Latarjet
		References
	Chapter 6: Multidirectional Instability (Loose Shoulder)
		1 Pathophysiology
		2 Diagnosis
			2.1 Physical Findings
			2.2 Imaging
				2.2.1 Plain X-rays
				2.2.2 CT, MRI
		3 Treatment
			3.1 Conservative Treatment
			3.2 Mechanism of Capsular Plication and Its Clinical Outcome
			3.3 Pectoralis Major Transfer
			3.4 Glenoid Osteotomy
		References
Part IV: Main Shoulder Diseases—Others
	Chapter 7: Frozen Shoulder
		1 Definition and Classification
			1.1 Definition
			1.2 Classification
		2 Pathophysiology
			2.1 Rat Knee Contracture Model
			2.2 Rat Shoulder Contracture Model [10]
			2.3 Specimens from Patients with Frozen Shoulder
			2.4 Posture and Blood Circulation of the Shoulder
		3 Diagnosis
			3.1 Clinical Pictures in Each Phase
			3.2 Physical Findings
			3.3 Imaging
		4 Treatment
			4.1 Conservative Treatment
				4.1.1 Freezing Phase
				4.1.2 Frozen and Thawing Phases
				4.1.3 Joint Distension
			4.2 Manipulation Under Anesthesia
			4.3 Surgical Treatment
		References
Chapter 8: Long Head of the Biceps
	1 Anatomy and Function
		1.1 Anatomy
			1.1.1 Widening of the LHB Tendon in Cuff Tear Patients
			1.1.2 LHB Tendon and IGHL (Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament)
		1.2 Function
			1.2.1 Function as a Stabilizer
				Stabilizing Function of LHB
				Muscle Activity of LHB During Arm Elevation
				LHB as a Superior Stabilizer in Cuff Tear Shoulders
			1.2.2 Function as a Mover
	2 Pathophysiology
		2.1 LHB Tendinitis
		2.2 Tear of the LHB Tendon
	3 Diagnosis
		3.1 LHB Tendinitis
		3.2 Tear of LHB Tendon
	4 Diagnosis
		4.1 Arthrography
		4.2 MRI
	5 Treatment
		5.1 LHB Tendinitis
		5.2 Tear of the LHB Tendon
	References
Chapter 9: Throwing Shoulder
	1 Throwing Shoulder and Throwing Motion
		1.1 Baseball Pitching and Pitching Phase
		1.2 Injuries in Each Pitching Phase
	2 Pathophysiology
		2.1 Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD)
			2.1.1 Physiologic GIRD and Pathologic GIRD
			2.1.2 Causes of GIRD
		2.2 Changes of Humeral Retroversion with Age
			2.2.1 Measurement of Retroversion (First to Eighth Graders)
			2.2.2 Measurement of Retroversion (First to Sixth Graders)
		2.3 Tightness of the Posterior Capsule
		2.4 Injury of the Labrum: Traction by the LHB Tendon and Labral Strain
		2.5 Pain from the Acromioclavicular Joint
	3 Epidemiological Survey
		3.1 Shoulder/Elbow Pain and Pain from Other Body Parts
		3.2 Shoulder/Elbow Pain and Videogames
		3.3 Verbal and Physical Abuse by the Coaches
	4 Diagnosis
	5 Treatment
		5.1 Conservative Treatment
			5.1.1 Scapular Dyskinesis
			5.1.2 Muscle Strengthening and Stretching
		5.2 Surgical Treatment
	References
Part V: Biomechanical Research Related to Suture Anchors
Chapter 10: Anchor Insertion Angle: Deadman Theory and Its Interpretation
	1 Deadman Theory
	2 Discrepancy Between the Theory and Experiments
	3 Friction Around the Anchor Affects the Theory
	4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11: Minimal Safe Distance Between Suture Anchors: Relationship Between the Anchor Distance and Pullout Strength
	Reference
Part VI: Rare Shoulder Diseases
Chapter 12: Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD)
	1 Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD)
	2 Diagnosis and Treatment
	3 Case Presentation
		3.1 Surgery
		3.2 Post-operative Treatment
	References
Chapter 13: Trapezius Paralysis
	1 Diagnosis and Treatment
	2 Case Presentation
		2.1 Surgery
		2.2 Post-operative Treatment
	References
Index